ESAT

Is respiration exothermic or endothermic?

Exothermic

Can bacteria carry out aerobic and/or anaerobic respiration?

Yes, both

What is between the cell membrane and cell wall in a plasmolysed cell

External solution

Are the DNA of white blood cells the same as normal cells?

No, some have mutations to produce antigens

Bond enthalpy

Left - right

nano (n)

10^-9

micro (u)

10^-6

mili (m)

10^-3

centi (c)

10^-2

deci (d)

10^-1

kilo (k)

10³

mega (M)

10^6

giga (G)

10^9

Which structures are found in both plant and bacterial cells?

1. cell membrane

2. ribosomes

3. nucleus

4. cell wall

1, 2 and 4

Endocrine glands

Organs that release hormones into the blood (pancreas, liver, testes, ovaries, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland)

T or F: bronchi is a tissue specialised for gas exchange

F: gas exchange does not occur at the bronchi

T or F: small intestine has cilia

F: villi and microvilli are not cilia

T or F: bronchi/alveoli is an organ

F: they are tissues, which are part of the lungs (organ)

1 tonne = ? kg

1000

How to calculate density?

Mass / volume (kg m^-3)

Find x.

(x+1)² - 4 = 0

(x+1)² = 4

(x+1) = ±2

x = -1±2

x = 1 or -3

What is the eq of this graph?

y = x³

(flip the graph to get y = -x³)

What is the eq of this graph?

y = 1/x

What is the total distance travelled of this speed-time graph?

Total area under the curve

Area of a triangle (using sine)

½ABsinC

Please know histograms like this exist

Ok

What is relative frequency?

Actual probability from doing the thing (not theoretical)

May ≠ theoretical probability

Does sexual or asexual reproduction require more energy?

Sexual reproduction

Define genotype

The genetic makeup of alleles in a gene

T or F: The environment can cause genetic variation

F (genetic variation)

Identify P, QRS and T

P: Atria systole

QRS: Ventricular systole

T: Ventricle diastole

Name all elements in the first period

H, He

A chromatogram produces 1 spot. Must the substance only contain one component?

No. There may be different components on the same spot (very rare)

Unit of specific heat capacity

J kg^-1 C^-1

Are breaking chemical bonds endothermic or exothermic?

Endothermic

Forming chemical bonds are exothermic

Metal ions that are more readily reduced to form metals than H+

Au, Ag, Cu

What is the cathode and what is the anode in electroplating?

Cathode: object

Anode: plating metal

What functional group takes prioirty over alkenes?`

All, except halogens

Alkene + steam

Alcohol (requires high temperature and catalyst)

Pent-1-ene → Pentan-1-ol

Alcohol + Sodium

(eg. CH3OH + Na)

Alkoxide

CH3O-Na+ Sodium methoxide

Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

Layers of metal cations of diff sizes are distorted → larger force to slide over each other

Do particles move when in solid form?

Yes, they vibrate, but their positions remain fixed

Test for chlorine (litmus paper)

Turn moistened blue litmus paper red → white

Dissolve in water to form HCl and HOCl → bleaching action of HOCl destroys the dye

Colours of AgCl, AgBr, AgI

White, cream, yellow

Order of testing of anions

1. Test for carbonates: add H+ → CO2 formed turns limewater milky

• Ag2CO3 solid formed

• BaCO3 solid formed

2. Test for sulfates: add BaCl2 / H+ → form white ppt (BaSO4)

2. Test for halides: add AgNO3 / H+ → form coloured ppt

• Ag2SO4 solid formed

Testing of metal cations

1. Add small amount of conc NaOH

• 1+: soluble

• 2+: insoluble ppt

  • Cu(OH)2: blue

  • Fe(OH)2: green

  • Fe(OH)3: brown

2. Add excess conc NaOH: Al(OH)3, Pb(OH)2, Zn(OH)2 redissolves

3. Flame test (1+ and between calcium / magnesium)

Color of flame test of Li, Na, K, Ca and Cu

Li: crimson

Na: golden yellow

K: lilac

Ca: brick-red

Cu: bluish-green

Test for water

Anhydrous CuSO4

Breakdown of air

78% Nitrogen

21% Oxygen

0.9% Argon

0.04% CO2

3 major greenhouse gases

H2O, CO2, CH4

Treatment of drinking water

1. Desalination: remove dissolved salts

2. Sterilisation: remove microorganisms

Add Cl2 gas: kill microorganisms

Add F-: prevent tooth decay

Surface area of a cone

πrl + πr²

Surface area and volume of a sphere

4πr²

4/3 πr³

Simplify log_a1/x and log_aa

-log_ax

1

Radius of a circle from its equation (ABCDE)

√[(D/2)² + (E/2)² - F]

Find sin, cos and tan for 0 and 90

sin0 = 0

sin90 = 1

cos0 = 1

cos90 = 0

tan0 = 0

tan90 = undefined

Cosine rule

c² = a² + b² - 2abcosC

T or F: Shells around a nucleus are filled from lowest to highest energy shells.

T

Are only outermost shell electrons delocalised in metals

Yes

What is the change in type of energy in respiration

Chemical → kinetic energy

Form of DNA in the nucleus

Linear chromosomes

Define carrier

Heterozygous individual

Stem cells

1. Totipotent cells: zygote → balls
   Can become anything

2. Pluripotent cells: make up embryo
   Can become anything except placenta

3. Multipotent: adult stem cell
   Only a small number
   - Bone marrow stem cells → blood cells
   - Skin stem cells → skin cells

4. iPSC: made from adult stem cells
   Can be from patient’s own body cells → not rejected as foreign

Risk of stem cells

• Cancer

• Rejection of immune system

Why is inbreeding bad?

• Increased risk of inherting homozygous recessive alleles

• No variation → reduce ability to adapt to a changing environment, eg. new diseases

4 characteristics of inflammation

Red, hot, swollen, painful

→ more blood, carry more heat

→ more tissue fluid from blood → more pressure on nerves

Secondary immune response

Proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes

1. Plasma cells: produce specific antibodies

2. Memory cells: regcognise pathogens → rapidly produce large amount of specific antibodies

Characteristics of secondary response

1. Less antigen needed

2. Shorten latent period

3. Faster rate

4. More antibodies

5. High level stays longer

Crop rotation

Planting something different every round → prevent virus from infecting plants

Are protists single-celled?

Yes, single-celled eukaryotes

Immune vs resistant

Can produce antibody vs Have a gene

Polydactylyl

6 finger 🙂 - autosomal dominant

Clotting

Enzymes convert fibrinogen (a soluble protein) into insoluble fibrin

Mesh of fibres that traps platelets / RBCs and form clot

Bilirubin

Colored pigment of bile

Ureter vs urethra

Tube vs hole

When cold, vaso__

Vasoconstriction

Effect of thyroxine and adrenaline respectively

Thryoxine: increase rate of metabolic reactions → increase heat

Adrenaline:

• Increase heart rate

• Increase breathing rate

• Increase blood flow to muscles

• Stimulate liver to break down glycogen into glucose