comparative vertebrae anatomy

Actinopterygian diversity has own many species

35,000 species

Actinopterygian diversity has how many percent of fish and greater than how many percent of vertebrae diversity

95% and > 50%

Actinopterygian diversity has _____ divided between freshwater and marine forms

equally

Distinctions between actinopterygians and sarcopterygians: ray finned fish

endo-skeleton and fin muscles barley extended onto fin (if at all)

Distinctions in pectoral fins between actinopterygians and sarcopterygians: Lobbed-finned fish/ tetrapods:

finned monobasal (single humerus present) with internal bony elements (mesomeres) and muscle external body wall, creating a fleshy cylindrical stalk extending from the body.

both ray finned fishes and lobbed finned fishes/ tetrapod have ____ (lepidotrichia) jointed bony finned rays that surround bundles of collagen fibers

fin rays

Fins rays are supported by_____

skeletal elements (pterygiophores)

Cladistia (Polypteriformes) – Bichirs and reedfish (ropefish)

body highly elongate with series of 7-18 dorsal finlets, thick rhomboid ganoid scales

Basal actinopterygian lineages: multilayered competition____ outer layer, _____ middle layer, and ____ layer of vascularized cellular bone that helps anchor scale to dermis

anoine (enamel-like substance) , dentin (cosmine or osteodentin), basal

Cladistia (Polypteriformes) – Bichirs and reedfish (ropefish) ______ during life of fish by adding layers of mineral over time

grow

Paired ventral lungs develop as an_____

evagination on the ventral esophagus near the posterior edge of the pharynx

Cladistia (Polypteriformes) – Bichirs and reedfish (ropefish) have ____ breathing

spiracular

Cladistia (Polypteriformes) – Bichirs and reedfish (ropefish) have_____ behind eyes used to inhale air

dorsal spiracles

Cladistia (Polypteriformes) – Bichirs and reedfish (ropefish) have what sealed by what dermal ossicles that act as valves, opening briefly during inhalation

Spiracles, hinged

Cladistia (Polypteriformes) – Bichirs and reedfish (ropefish) use fleshy lobe like ____ to walk over damp terrain; can survive out of water over extended periods in high humidity

pectoral fins

Cladistia (Polypteriformes) – Bichirs and reedfish (ropefish) have study raised bichirs entirely on land for _____ months and demonstrate plasticity/increased efficiency in terrestrial movements as well as modified pectoral bones and altered musculature to better resist gravity (skull contact with pectoral girdle was reduced to allow greater neck mobility)

8

Cladistia (Polypteriformes) – Bichirs and reedfish (ropefish) can detect_____ using_____

electric fields, ampullae of lorenzini

What are tube like nostrils that orient olfactory precision in murky waters?

external nasial tentacles

Chondrostei (Acipenseriformes)—sturgeons and paddlefishes: several synapomorphies unit this group:

palatoquadrate cartilages link at midline to form a symphysis (joint); maxilla and premaxilla are lost (jaw functions), secondarily cartilaginous skeleton with persistent notochord and reduced vertebral centra, heterocercal tail

Chondrostei (Acipenseriformes)—sturgeons and paddlefishes: several synapomorphies unit this group: preoral snout-

development of an extensive snout located anterior to a ventral mouth

Chondrostei (Acipenseriformes)—sturgeons and paddlefishes have paired spiracles that are present but often ______dorsal swim bladder present

vestigial

Chondrostei (Acipenseriformes)—sturgeons and paddlefishes has _____dorsal swim bladder for buoyancy

physostomous

Sturgeons (Acipenseridae)_____toothless mouth (hypostyle) efficient at suctorial feeding (vacuum

prey from riverbed or seafloor)

Protrusible

Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) have______ on underside of snout assist in locating prey

4 sensitive tactile barbells

Sturgeons (Acipenseridae): skin mostly naked except for______

longitudinal rows of heavy diamond shaped bony plates (scutes)

Paddlefish (Polyodontidae) ____ can make up one third of the body length

rostrum (paddle)

Paddlefish (Polyodontidae) covered in thousands of ______ that detect electrical signal produced by______

electroreceptors, zooplankton

Paddlefish (Polyodontidae) are______

Filter feeders that rely on ram feeding and comb-like gill rakers to strain plankton from water column

Neopterygii: Characterized by features that reflect shift toward increased

agility and lighter dermal skeletons (except gar) as well as more efficient feeding apparatus

Neopterygii: skulls modified for jaw kinesis, including following additions:

symplectic bone- braces the jaw joint and assists in specialized jaw protrusion found in teleost’s

Maxilla freed from preoperculum, allowing it to swing forward when the mouth opens

Ampullae of Lorenzini lost at the base of this group (although a similar system has evolved in some teleost’s)

Holostei includes gars (Semionotiformes) and bowfins (Amiiformes): lightly ossified skeleton

reduced/vestigial spiracles, paired vomer and more mobile maxilla

Holostei includes gars (Semionotiformes) and bowfins (Amiiformes) has a ______functions to supplement respiration as well as buoyancy

dorsal highly vascularized swim bladder

Holostei includes gars (Semionotiformes) and bowfins (Amiiformes) arise from ______as do hydrostatic swim bladders; allows survival in hypoxic environments

dorsal side of esophagus

Holostei includes gars (Semionotiformes) and bowfins (Amiiformes):As with Chondrostei, the ______ with a direct connection between the foregut and bladder (pneumatic duct), which involves gulping air at the surface

bladder is physostomous

Semionotiformes have_______

elongated jaws, abbreviated heterocercal tail, retain heavy ganoid scales

Amiiformes have______

single extant species (amia calva) (southeastern north America), gular plate retained, high reduced (thin body) cycloid scale, although internally asymmetrical external tail appears symmetrical

teleosti has ______of all ______(most successful and diverse vertebrae group)

96% of all actinopterygians

several synapomorphies of teleosti’s:

Homocercal tail, improves thrust and maneuverability, Scale reduction

teleosti:

Thin, flexible cycloid/ctenoid scales (or naked) increase swimming efficiency (but also present in Amiiformes)

teleosti: Highly kinetic and modular jaws with mobile______

premaxilla (opercular chain mechanism)

Mechanical linkage allows teleost to______

its mouth rapidly by using its opercula as a lever

teleosti: Disconnected premaxilla-

when mouth opens, it slides forward and downward

teleosti Creates circular______

orifice and a sudden vacuum for ‘inhaling’ prey

Swim bladder specialization (both physostomous and physoclistus) Physoclistous bladder uses a______ a specialized bundle of capillaries to secrete gas from the blood into the bladder and a ‘vorpal’ or oval windown to reabsorb gas as needed to adjust buoyancy (pneumatic duct lost)

gas gland

Swim bladder specialization (both physostomous and physoclistus) allows______

expansion into deep ocean

Weberian apparatus (in the clade Ostariophysi)Sophisticated ______system that consists of four small bones (Weberian ossicles), which are modified versions of first four vertebrae, and link swim bladder to the inner ear

middle ears

Weberian apparatus (in the clade Ostariophysi) Swim bladder acts as a

‘drum’ that vibrates and conducts sound waves to inner ear sensory receptors

teleost diversity (selected groups): Elopomorpha includes______

tarpons, eels, and bonefish

Teleost diversity (selected groups): have unique leptocephalus larva, which are______

transparent, ribbon-like, and leaf-shaped

Teleost diversity (selected groups): drift passively in ocean currents for months______

lack a digestive tract for most of larval period

Teleost diversity (selected groups):Early diverging teloests, many of which retain______

plesiomorphic traits (gular plate, heavy bony scales, physostomous swim bladder

Teleost diversity (selected groups): some eels have a pharyngeal jaws that______

shoot forward out of the mouth to grab prey

Teleost diversity (selected groups): Ostariophysi contains nearly ______and ______of freshwater species (includes catfish, carp, minnows)

30% of all fish species, 74%

Catfish (Siluriformes) have sensory barbels, extremely sensitive______

Weberian apparatus,

locked spines for predator avoidance, and can be smooth-skinned (naked) or encased in heavy, bony plates

Tetraodontiformes includes pufferfish, boxfish, and triggerfish: Beak-like fusion of front teeth,

fewest vertebrae of any fish (16–18), complete loss of pelvic fins and girdle, opercula reduced to small, hole-like apertures

Tetraodontiformes includes pufferfish, boxfish, and triggerfish: includes the ______ the largest actinopterygian at 5,000 lbs (larva is the size of a

pinhead)

mola

Tetraodontiformes includes pufferfish, boxfish, and triggerfish: Consume 100s of lbs of ——— daily; but also dive deep to consume more nutrient-rich prey (crustaceans and squid)

gelatinous zooplankton

Tetraodontiformes includes pufferfish, boxfish, and triggerfish: Long _____ shred gelatinous prey before entering the stomach and digestive tracts are lines with thick mucus to protect them from nematocysts of sea jellies

pharyngeal teeth

Tetraodontiformes includes pufferfish, boxfish, and triggerfish: Spend long periods thermal basking at surface to recover metabolism and digest after consuming______

massive volume of sea jellies

Tetraodontiformes includes pufferfish, boxfish, and triggerfish: ______ is not a true caudal fin but fusion of dorsal and

anal fins thick, leathery skin often infested with parasites

undulating rudder, the clavus

extant lobbed-finned fishes: Coelacanths (Latimeria)

2 species found in deep waters of the Indian Ocean, typically along steep, rocky slopes of volcanic islands, congregate in caves/ lava tubes during the day in twilight zones

Coelacanths (Latimeria) are______

nocturnal ‘ passive drift hunters’- move slowly in current and snap at prey if passes within 20cm of the mouth

Coelacanths (Latimeria) specialized anatomy: intracranial joint-

transverse hinge joint that allows front half of braincase to swing upward

paired with large basicranial muscles, increase gap of mouth, allowing coelacanths to swallow large prey whole

Coelacanths (Latimeria): rostral organ-

large, gel-filled cavity with 3 pairs of external openings; electrosensory system

Coelacanths (Latimeria): notochord retained in adults-

consists of a tube of fibrous cartilage, central canal is filled with a pressurized, viscous fluid with high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), critical for maintaining osmotic balance

Coelacanths (Latimeria): vestigial ventral lung-

filled with lipids and wax esters; provides stable, neutral buoyancy at high pressures

Coelacanths (Latimeria): fatty braincase-

brain occupies limited space, primarily fat and oils

Coelacanths (Latimeria): Trilobed______ tail

diphycercal

Lungfish (Dipnoi) has how many families and species, and what are they?

3 families and 6 species, they are 1 in south America, 4 in Africa, and 1 in Australia

Lungfish (Dipnoi): which ones are obligated air breathers (reduced or atrophied gills)?

African and South American species

Lungfish (Dipnoi) have paired______

ventral lungs and fleshy operculum

Lungfish (Dipnoi) are capable of______

long-term estivation in mucus cocoons

Lungfish (Dipnoi) are______

eel-like with slender, filamentous fins

Australian lung fish are found in where?

only two river systems in Queensland

Lungfish (Dipnoi) have a single______

ventral lung (relies primarily on gills ; facultative air-breather): does not estivate

Lungfish (Dipnoi) have a large______

dermal scale; robust paddle like-fins

Lungfish (Dipnoi) are the largest______

vertebrae genome (91 billion bp, 31x larger than human genome)

Lungfish (Dipnoi) are bloated with______

transposable elements (90% of genome); lost key proteins that typically suppress TEs

Lungfish (Dipnoi) have expanded family of______ and a high number of ______ tuned for airborne chemicals

lung surfactant genes, odorant receptors

Lungfish (Dipnoi) have specialized______

hypermineralized tooth plates fused to jaws, used to crush hard-shelled prey, including mollusks and crustaceans

tetrapodomorph (elpistostegalian) fishes are a ______

stem grade leading to earliest tetrapod's, including Tiktaalik roseae from upper Devonian 375 mya (occupied shallow subtropical river channels)

Tetrapods demonstrate______

transitional traits between fish and tetrapods (fishapod bridge)

Tetrapods have______

flat, rather than cylindrical, skull with dorsal, medially positioned eyes

Tetrapods have functionally______

internal gills and lungs retained, but loss of bony operculum which allows tiktaalik to move its head independently of its body (distinct neck region)

Tetrapods have a loss of______

operculum key in that it freed up the hyomandibula from jaw support; joint elements suggests that the cheek expands and hyomandibula rotates literally- produces a feeding system intermediate between suction feeding and biting

tetrapods body is covered in______

bony scales, but large, overlapping ribs supported body against gravity and assisted pumping air into lungs

tetrapods: although appendages terminated in______

lepidotrichia (as opposed to free digits) the internal skeleton indicated a functional forearm and wrist (humerus, radius, ulna, and carpals such as radiale and intermedium) capable of bending and supporting weight

tetrapods: presumably the joints were______ enough to prop the animal up in shallow water

robust

tetrapods: pelvic girdle relative to______

other fish (comparable to size in pectoral girdle) with functional ball and socket hip joints (acetabulum) and prominent crests indicative of powerful muscle attachments

tetrapods: pelvic girdle unipartite______

(unlike tripartite pelves of tetrapods) and lacked bony connection (sacral ribs) to the spine

Tiktaalik likely used limbs to______

navigate through thick vegetation in oxygen-poor water; potentially foraged at water-land interface

Acanthostega (~ 365 mya):

among earliest known stem tetrapods with distal digits rather than fins (clade name of stem including crown [with distal digits] is stegocephali)

All stegocephalians had______

flat, ‘roofed’ (solid) skulls with only openings for orbit, nares, and pineal foramen

Acanthostega also had otic______

notches present as ‘U’ or ‘V’ shaped indentations at the back of the skull, forming a spiracle or tympanum

Acanthostega skull with ______

prong-like tabular horns providing attachment for large jaw-snapping muscles

Acanthostega are likely fully______

aquatic but had a sacrum (specialized connection between pelvic girdle and vertebral column through specialized sacral ribs)

Acanthostega: metautostylic suspensorium-

hyomandibula moved from connecting the jaw to become a sensory structure in the middle ear

Acanthostega ribs are______

too short to support body out of water for extended periods, and vertebrae lacked interlocking zygopophyses

polydactylous:

eight distinct (but webbed) digits on manus

Acanthostega retained______

internal gill slits (fleshy operculum)