Bio grade 10 (Everything but the last part about plant systems)

The entire length of the digestive tract is lined with _______

epithelial tissue

What cells are in the digestive tract, and what do they secrete?

Goblet cells that secrete mucus

What does the mucus in the digestive tract do?

The mucus protects the digestive tube from digestive enzymes and allows the material to pass smoothly along the tube.

What is the esophagus’s purpose, and where is it?

The esophagus contracts rhythmically to move food downwards into the stomach in a process called peristalsis; the esophagus connects the mouth to nthe stomach, and has smooth muscle tissue.

What do the epithelial cells that line the trachea produce? what kinds of projections are on them?

they produce mucus and have cilia (hairlike projections)

What do cilia do

they help move mucus and filter foreign material that enter the system

what is the trachea supported by

rings of cartilage to keep it open and allow air flow; this cartilage is made up of flexible fibres that are not actually living material

The concentration of oxygen in the blood that flows through the lungs is always ____ than the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli

less

does oxygen always diffuse into the bloodstream?

yes.

Where is the oxygen transported from the lungs?

through the circulatory system into other parts of the body, where it diffuses from the blook into the cells.

How does excess co2 get expelled?

diffuses from the cells into the blood where it is carried to the lungs to be expelled

What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?

The main function is to transport nutrients and waste to and from body cells.

It also regulates body temperature

It also transports disease-fighting white blood cells to areas of the body where there are viruses or bacteria

The blood vessels that exchanges many substances with surrounding tissues are called ______

capillaries

What are the four tissue types of blood?

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

• Plasma

Details of red blood cells

• make up almost half of the blood’s volume

• contain hemoglobin, which allows them to transport oxygen

• no nucleus

Details of white blood cells

• Infection fighting

• destroy invading bacteria and viruses

• make up less than 1% of the blood’s volume

• only blood cell that has a nucleus

Details of platelets

• Tiny cells that help with blood clotting

• less than 1% of blood volume

Details of plasma

• protein rich liquid that carries blood cells

• over half of the blood’s volume

What three types of muscle make up the heart?

cardiac muscle tissue

nerve tissue

connective tissue

______ is a special type of muscle found only in the heart

cardiac muscle tissue

The muscles and nerves of the heart are covered with smooth layer of ______, which helps blood ______

epithelial cells

move freely along the walls

What does pulmonary mean?

related to the lung

examples: the right pulmonary artery (takes carbon dioxide-filled blood to the lungs to be expelled) and the left pulmonary vein (takes in oxygen-rich blood from the lungs)

What is an atrium in the heart?

an open chamber that receives blood returning from the rest of the body/lungs

What does cell theory state?

1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells

2. The cell is the simplest unit of life

3. All cells come from other cells, they do not come from non-living matter

What is the cytoplasm?

The fluid substance in a cell, where chemical reactions occur

What is the cell membrane?

It gives support to the cell and controls the movement of materials in and out (semi-permeable)

What do vacuoles do?

Vacuoles can be used for food storage, removing waste, maintaining fluid pressure

What differences do animal and plant cell vacuoles have?

Animal cell vacuoles - small and a lot

Plant cell vacuoles - one large one

What is chloroplast?

Contains the green pigment chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis (only found in plant cells)

What does a cell wall do?

These are only found in plant cells. They protect and support the cell (outermost wall)

What are mitochondria?

They produce energy for cell functions

active cells = more mitochondria

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A network of branching tubes connecting the nucleus to the cell membrane surrounding the nucleus. It is a passageway for materials moving to and from different parts of the cell. site of protein synthesis.

What are golgi bodies?

Not attached to the nucleus - they collect and process materials to be removed from the cell and modify proteins t hat come from the er’s ribosomes

What are ribosomes?

They make proteins and can be attached to the er or in the cytoplasm

What is the equation for estimating cell size?

Cell Size = Field Diameter/Fit Number

Why must cells divide? 3 reasons?

1. Multicellular organisms must undergo continuous cell division to grow larger and develop organs

2. Cells may be damaged (cuts or scrapes) and must be repaired through cell division

3. Cell division is required for asexual reproduction (bacteria & other single celled organisms) and sexual reproduction (multicellular organisms)

What do cells require to survive?

Nutrients, water, and oxygen, and get rid of waste products.

What are the four different nitrogen bases in DNA?

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Which pairs of nitrogen bases work?

A only matches with T

G only matches with C

What are the sides of the DNA ladder constructed of?

Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules

What is the difference between PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES?

Prokaryotes are single celled with no nucleus, like bacteria, and prokaryotes are single or multicellular with complex internal structures.

Why can a cell not get too large?

It would not be able to transport waste out of itself, poisoning the cell.

What is diffusion?

The movement of dissolved substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

What is osmosis?

The movement of water across a cell membrane toward an area where dissolved substances are at a higher concentration

What is cancer?

A group of diseases in which cells grow and divide out of control; results from a change in the DNA that controls cell division. Cells prevented from staying in interphase

The change is passed on to every daughter cell

How is cancer caused?

Could run in the family (hereditary) or be environmentally caused or both

Can be found in plants/animals

Sometimes DNA not copied exactly during mitosis

A random change in DNA during mitosis is called a ______

MUTATION

When does mutation cause cancer?

When the change occurs in a part of the DNA that controls cell division

Some mutations are caused by _______ (any environmental factor that causes cancer) like tobacco, radiation, viruses, and chemicals in plastics

CARCINOGENS

What are some common cancer screenings for WOMEN?

Breast self-exams (breast cancer), Pap tests (cervical cancer)

What are some common cancer screenings for men?

Testicular self-exam, PSA test (prostate-specific antigen to check for prostate cancer)

What are important cancer screenings for EVERYONE?

Blood tests for colon cancer

Skin checks for skin cancer

Genetics testing

What are the four indications of a benign or malignant mole on the skin?

Asymmetry (symmetric/asymmetric?)

Border (even/ragged?)

Colour (uniform/uneven?)

Diameter (greater than 6 mm?)

What are 3 ways to reduce getting cancer risk?

quitting or not starting smoking

avoiding excess exposure to radiation

eating a healthy diet

What are some imaging techniques for diagnosing cancer?

endoscopy

x-ray (not always recommended)

ultrasound

CT scanning

MRI

(depends on the location in the body)

What are two of the many ways that cells may be removed from the body? Then what happens?

• through blood (easier)

• biopsy, where the cells are cut out surgically from the body (harder in most cases)

Then, they are examined under a microscope, and can be tested for genetic abnormalities

What are three common treatments for cancer?

Surgery

• physically removed, only if the tumour is accessible easily

Chemotherapy

• drugs that stop cancer cells from dividing and spreading

• kills the cells

Radiation

• Damages cancer cells by targeting beams of radiation

• DNA is damaged so the cells can’t continue to divide

In animal cells, which structure produces the spindle fibers?

Centrioles (not in plant cells)

what is the equation for estimating cell size?

cell size = field diameter / fit number

What are the sides of dna ladders constructed of?

alternating sugar and phosphate molecules

What are the runs of the dna ladders constructed of?

nitrogen bases

what are the four nitrogen bases in dna?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

A+T, C+G

What is the centromere?

the structure that connects sister chromatids.

Description + function of epithelial tissue