Classics 2440B - Alexander The Great (Lesson 3)
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Why was peace and stability elusive among Greek poleis
Frequent wars and rivalries for hegemony.
How did Sparta attempt to leverage its Peloponnesian War victory
By imposing pro-Spartan oligarchies.
What role did Persia play in 4th-century Greek politics
Persia funded Greek city-states to maintain division.
Where was ancient Macedonia located
Northern Greece, near the Aegean Sea.
What were the key geographic features of Macedonia
Fertile plains and mountainous regions.
Were the ancient Macedonians Greek
They spoke a Greek dialect but were seen as semi-barbarian.
How did Macedonia's history from the 6th to 4th centuries BC pave the way for Philip II
It faced Persian rule, Greek influence, and internal instability.
What were the two main regions of Macedonia
Lower Macedonia and Upper Macedonia.
What was the economic strength of Lower Macedonia
Fertile farmland for grain and horse breeding.
What was the economic strength of Upper Macedonia
Timber and potential metal deposits.
What was a key Macedonian export
Timber for shipbuilding.
Which Greek city-states influenced Macedon
Athens and Thebes.
What ancient historian described Macedonia's tribal structure
Thucydides.
What dialect did Macedonians speak
A Greek dialect.
What did southern Greeks think of Macedonians
They saw them as semi-barbarian.
What event showed Macedonian ties to Greek culture
Alexander I competed in the Olympic Games.
What was a key trait of Macedonian aristocratic culture
Polygamy among kings.
What was a warrior custom in Macedonia
A man had to kill a boar unassisted before reclining at dinner.
What was the political system of Macedonia
A chiefdom-level kingdom.
Who were the Hetairoi (Companions)
Aristocratic cavalry officers advising the king.
What was the role of the Macedonian king
A warlord who relied on noble support.
How was succession decided in Macedonia
By warrior assembly support and personal power.
What often happened to royal heirs in Macedonia
Assassinations or exile.
Who was the first known Macedonian king under Persian rule
Amyntas I.
Which Macedonian king was called 'the Philhellene'
Alexander I.
What did Alexander I do to integrate Macedonia with Greece
Maintained friendly ties with Greek city-states.
Which Macedonian king brought Euripides to Pella
Archelaus.
What major threat did Amyntas III face
The Illyrians.
Who ruled Macedonia before Philip II
Perdiccas III.
What happened to Perdiccas III
He died in battle against the Illyrians.
Where was Philip II held hostage as a teenager
Thebes.
What military innovations did Philip learn in Thebes
Theban tactics like oblique phalanx formations.
How old was Philip when he became king
23.
Why was Philip able to take power quickly
He exiled or assassinated rival claimants.
What was Philip's biggest challenge in 359 BC
External threats and internal instability.
What were the three major Greek hegemonic struggles in the 4th century BC
Spartan, Theban, and Athenian struggles for dominance.
Why was Greek hegemony unstable
Constant wars and shifting alliances.
Which major Greek league formed in 377 BC
The Second Athenian League.
What was the impact of Persian funding in Greek politics
It fueled internal conflicts among Greek city-states.
Why was 4th-century Greece vulnerable to Macedonia
It was weakened by internal wars and external interference.
What made Macedonia powerful despite political instability
Its natural resources.
What was Philip's main advantage when he became king
A weakened Greece.
What was the biggest external threat to early Macedonia
The Illyrians.
What was the main political weakness of Macedonia before Philip
Lack of a stable succession system.
How did Philip's early experiences in Thebes shape his leadership
He learned advanced military tactics.