Neurology

each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes. what are they

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

what lobes does the central sulcus divide

frontal, parietal

what lobes does the lateral fissure divide

temporal, frontal, some parietal

what does the longitudinal fissure divide

right and left hemispheres

the cerebrum is composed of

cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia

what are cerebral hemispheres separated by

falx cerebri within longitudinal cerebral fissure

parieto-occipital sulcus seperates what lobes

parietal, temporal

function of caudate nucleus

learning, memory, feedback processing; goal-directed behaviour

function of putamen (basal ganglia)

motor control and habit formation; works with caudate

function of globus pallidus

fine-tunes voluntary movement; inhibits excessive motor activity

function of subthalamic nucleus

modulates globus pallidus output; movement regulation

function of substantia nigra

produces dopamine; movement initiation and reward processing

function of nucleus accumbens

motivation, pleasure, reinforcement, addiction

death of basal ganglia cells is one of the primary causes of what condition

Parkinson’s

what are the structural basal ganglia

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens

what basal ganglia exist in the striatum

caudate, putamen

relay center for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex

thalamus

primary function of the hypothalamus

regulates hormones, temp, hunger, autonomic function

primary action of the epithalamus

controls circadian rhythms and emotional responses

what cranial nerves is the mid-brain associated with c

CN III and IV

what cranial nerves is the pons associated with

CN V - VIII

primary function of tracts in the brainstem

carry information between higher brain and spinal cord

what is the most caudal subdivision of the brainstem, continuous with the spinal cord

medulla oblongata

the medulla oblongata is associated with what cranial nerves

CN IX, X, XI, XII

where is the vomiting center located

medulla oblongata

what part of the brainstem directly controls many ANS functions

medulla oblongata

basic functions of the cerebellum

motor coordination, maintains balance and posture, complex motor learning, emotional regulation, attention, language

the ventricular system of the brain consists of

4 ventricles connected by cerebral aqueduct

where is CSF formed

choroid plexus

fenestrated capillaries in the choroid plexus leak large amounts of fluid into the CSF through ____

ependymocytes

how much CSF is produced daily

~500-700mL

what is the corpus callosum

tracts that connect the right and left hemispheres

largest cavities in the ventricular system

lateral ventricles

each lateral ventricle opens into the 3rd ventricle via

interventricular foramen

slit-like cavity between right and left halves of diencephalon

3rd ventricle

narrow channel in the midbrain that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

cerebral aqueduct

CSF drains from the 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space through

single median aperture and paired lateral apertures

blockage of median and lateral apertures can lead to what complications

CSF accumulation, distention of ventricles → compression of cerebral hemispheres

what reabsorbs CSF from the subarachnoid space

arachnoid villi

function of commissures

connect corresponding regions between the two hemispheres of the brain

function of association fiberes

connect different regions within the same hemisphere

function of projection fibers

connect the cerebral cortex with lower brain regions and spinal cord

location of commissures

cross the midline of the brain, linking similar areas on both sides

location of association fibers

remain within a single hemispehere, facilitating intrahemispheric communication

location of projection fibers

extend vertically, connecting cortex to subcortical structures (e.g., brainstem, spinal cord)

function of gray matter

localize & interpret sensory input, controls voluntary & skilled MSK activity, intellectual & emotional processing

function of basal nuclei

subcortical motor centers help control MSK movements

functions of limbic system

mediates emotional response, memory processing; includes cerebral & diencephalon structures