HIS

Educational Institution

An entity that carries out educational activities based on an age-grade system across diverse learning environments, encompassing both formal and informal structures covering societal behavioral patterns, government, and public services.

Formal Education

Structured learning administered by a governing body in a conventional classroom, typically starting around age four in pre-school up to higher education for a college or university degree.

Informal Education

Independent learning outside the conventional classroom focused on behavioral skills acquired through daily interactions and exposure to varying teacher traits, expertise, and skills

Vision Statement

A concise, clear, and memorable sentence (typically 3 to 26 words, averaging 14 words) describing the ultimate long-term desired transformation and future aspirations of an institution.

Mission Statement

A concise, clear sentence (aims for 5 to 14 words, maximum 20 words) defining an institution's core purpose, reason for existence, key measures of success, and present-day functions

Value Statement

A set of fundamental doctrines and core values that establish the moral direction, standard beliefs, and decision-making framework shared across an academic community.

Objectives (Educational Goals)

Short statements outlining specific outcomes that learners should achieve within or by the end of a course or lesson, structured around the SMART criteria (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time-bound).

Clinical Competence

Develop knowledge, attitudes, and skills in performing clinical laboratory procedures to assist physicians in diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and disease prevention.

Critical Thinking

Build skills in critical and analytical thinking to advance the field and address professional challenges

Leadership & Excellence

Cultivate leadership skills while promoting competence and excellence

Ethics & Service

Uphold moral and ethical values in serving society and practicing the profession

Vision

“When do we want to reach success?", "Where do we want to go forward?", "How do we want to do it?", and "Where do we aim to be?

Mission

"What do we do today?", "For whom do we do it?", "Why do we do what we do?", and "What makes us different?

Health System

The combination of resources, organization, financing, and management that culminate in the delivery of health services to the population, encompassing all organizations, institutions, and resources devoted to producing health actions

System

An arrangement of parts and their interconnections coming together for a specific purpose.

Health Action

Any effort—whether in personal health care, public health services, or through intersectoral initiatives—whose primary purpose is to improve health.

Responsiveness

A core WHO goal referring to how well a health system provides services in the manner that people want, engaging them as active partners while embodying values of respectfulness, non-discrimination, humaneness, and confidentiality

Fairness in Financial Contribution

A health financing goal ensuring that paying for health care does not impoverish individuals or families, and that individuals pay a similar percentage of their income for needed services without facing immediate point-of-service financial barriers.

Health Service Provision

The most visible product of a health care system, delivering personal and non-personal interventions aimed at promoting health, preventing illness, and treating patient

Health Service Inputs

The assembly of essential structural resources required to deliver health services, including human resources, medications, and medical equipment.

Stewardship

The overall system oversight—typically a government responsibility—that sets policy frameworks, generates data for decision-making, regulates the sector, and tracks system performance.

Revenue Collection

The collection of money (through taxes, insurance premiums, or out-of-pocket payments) to fund health care services

Risk Pooling

The collection and management of financial resources to spread financial risks across all pool members rather than placing the burden on a single individual.

Bismarck Model

A risk pooling and health financing model—named after Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck—where insurance funds are typically financed jointly by employers and employees

Beveridge Model

A health financing model—named after British social reformer William Beveridge—where health care is provided and financed directly by the government through tax payments

Strategic Purchasing

The process by which risk-pooling organizations or purchasers use collected financial resources to buy or finance health care services for their members.

WHO Health System Framework

A 6-block operational model comprising Service Delivery, Health Workforce, Information, Medical Products/Vaccines/Technologies, Financing, and Leadership/Governance to achieve better health outcomes, responsiveness, financial protection, and efficiency

1970

Centralized government-funded Primary Health Care system established.

1979

Adoption of Primary Health Care (promoted participatory local management).

1982

Reorganization of the DOH to integrate public health and hospital services.

1986

Milk Code of 1986 (promoted breastfeeding and nutrition)

1988

The Generics Act (mandated writing prescriptions using generic names to reduce drug expenditures)

1991

RA 7160 "Local Government Code" (devolved health service delivery directly to Local Government Units)

1995

National Health Insurance Act (created PhilHealth to offer financial protection, prioritizing the poor).

1996

Health Sector Reform Agenda (major organizational restructuring of DOH)

2005

FOURmula One (F1) for Health (operational framework for rapid health reforms)

2008

RA 9502 "Access to Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act".

2010

AO 2010-0036 "Kalusugang Pangkalahatan" (Universal Health Coverage push)

2013

Sin Taxes for Health (raised DOH revenue while curbing alcohol and tobacco consumption)

2019

Universal Health Care Law (automatically enrolled all Filipino citizens in the National Health Insurance Program).

Health Care System

An organized plan of health services

The rendering of health care services to the people.

The rendering of health care services to the people.

Health Care Delivery System

The network of health facilities and personnel carrying out the task of rendering health care to the people.

Philippine Health Care System

A complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services in the Philippines.

WHO Key Elements:

• Universal coverage to reduce exclusion and social disparities in health.

• Service delivery organized around people's needs and expectations.

• Public policy integrating health into all sectors.

• Leadership enhancing collaborative models of policy dialogue.

• Increased stakeholder participation.

Essential & Additional Elements:

• Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) against major infectious diseases.

• Maternal and child health care, including family planning and reproductive health needs.

• Essential drugs arrangement and provision of essential health technologies.

• Prevention and control of locally endemic and non-communicable diseases.

• Food safety, provision of selected food supplements, and health promotion.

Principles of Primary Health Care: Equitable Distribution

Primary care and essential health services must be provided equally to all individuals, giving priority to underserved sectors

Principles of Primary Health Care: Community Participation

Comprehensive healthcare relies on an adequate number and distribution of trained health personnel working as a team supported by community involvement

Principles of Primary Health Care: Multisectoral Approach

Health improvement requires active integration and collaboration with non-health social and economic sectors

Principles of Primary Health Care: Appropriate Technology

Medical technology provided must be accessible, affordable, feasible, and culturally acceptable.

Principles of Primary Health Care: Health Outcomes

Aims for improved basic sanitation, reduced infant/child morbidity and mortality, controlled disease prevalence, and sustainable population growth.

Management Functions & Principles in PHC, Core Functions:

• Planning: Setting direction, determining goals, priorities, and performance targets.

• Organizing: Designing authority structures, task assignments, and reporting relationships.

• Staffing: Recruiting, acquiring, maintaining, and matching qualified personnel to Key Result Areas (KRAs).

• Directing: Initiating action through effective leadership, motivation, and communication.

• Controlling: Monitoring performance and implementing corrective actions

Authority & Decision-Making:

• Authority: Formal/legitimate right to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources.

• Responsibility: Employee's duty to perform assigned activities.

• Accountability: Requirement to report and justify task outcomes to superiors.

• Line Authority: Managers have direct formal power to command immediate subordinates.

• Functional Authority: Power granted over a specific subset of specialized activities.

• Staff Authority: Advisory/counseling role granted to specialists without direct command power.

• Centralization vs. Decentralization: Decision-making located at top levels versus lower organizational levels.

• Formalization: Written documentation guiding and controlling employee actions.

Primary Facilities

Rural Health Units (RHUs), chest/malaria/schistosomiasis control units, puericulture centers, TB clinics, private/industrial clinics, and community health centers.

Secondary Facilities

Smaller non-departmentalized, emergency, and regional hospitals dealing with symptomatic stages of diseases requiring moderate specialization

Tertiary Facilities

Specialized national hospitals equipped for complex cases threatening life that require highly specialized technical personnel and facilities.

Village / Grassroot Workers

First point of contact; community health workers, volunteers, and traditional birth attendants providing simple curative/preventive measures

Intermediate Workers

First source of professional care; includes medical practitioners, nurses, and midwives providing frontline supervision, training, and care beyond village worker scope

First Line Hospital Personnel

Physicians with specialties, specialized nurses, dentists, and pharmacists serving cases requiring direct hospitalization