AP HUG Vocab chapter 2 (concise)

Population Distribution

The pattern of where people live across Earth; some areas are crowded, others have few people.

Population Density

The number of people living in a specific area; shows how crowded a place is.

Arithmetic Density

Total population divided by total land area; average people per square mile or kilometer.

Physiological Density

Total population divided by the amount of arable (farmable) land; shows pressure on farmland.

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers divided by the amount of arable land; can show how labor-intensive farming is.

Carrying Capacity

The number of people an environment can support without permanently damaging resources.

Population Composition

The structure of a population, especially its age and sex; helps explain needs and challenges.

Age Structure

The number or percentage of people in different age groups within a population.

Sex Ratio

The number of males compared to females, often measured per 100 females.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people too young or too old to work compared to the working-age population.

Population Pyramid

A graph showing the age and sex structure of a population; can show growth, aging, or decline.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people in one year.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in one year.

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage of population growth from births minus deaths, excluding migration.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants under age one per 1,000 live births in one year.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live in a particular place.

Replacement Fertility

The fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself over time; usually about 2.1 in developed countries.

Doubling Time

The number of years it takes a population to double if the growth rate stays the same.

Demographic Transition Model

A model showing how birth rates, death rates, and population growth change as a country develops economically.

Malthusian Theory

The idea that population can grow faster than the food supply, causing shortages, famine, or conflict.

Neo-Malthusian

The modern view that population growth, resource use, and consumption can seriously pressure the environment.

Overpopulation

A situation where the number of people exceeds available resources, jobs, housing, food, water, or infrastructure.

Population Policy

A government policy designed to influence population size, growth, fertility, or migration.

Pronatalist Policy

A policy encouraging people to have more children, often through benefits like tax breaks or paid leave.

Antinatalist Policy

A policy discouraging people from having more children to slow population growth or reduce resource pressure.

Aging Population

A population with a growing percentage of elderly people, usually caused by low birth rates and longer life expectancy.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, usually involving a change in where they live.

Immigration

Movement into a country or region.

Emigration

Movement out of a country or region.

Net Migration

The difference between people entering and leaving a place; immigration minus emigration.

Push Factor

A reason people leave a place, such as war, poverty, unemployment, disaster, or lack of opportunity.

Pull Factor

A reason people are attracted to a place, such as jobs, safety, family, education, or healthcare.

Intervening Obstacle

A barrier that makes migration harder, such as distance, cost, mountains, borders, laws, or lack of transportation.

Intervening Opportunity

A closer or easier destination that causes a migrant to stop before reaching the original destination.

Chain Migration

Migration where people follow family, friends, or community members who moved earlier.

Refugee

A person who crosses an international border because of persecution, war, violence, or danger and cannot safely return home.

Internally Displaced Person

A person forced to leave home because of danger but who remains within the same country.

Asylum Seeker

A person requesting legal protection in another country because they fear persecution or danger at home.

Remittance

Money or goods that migrants send back to family or communities in their home country.