Biochemistry

Active site

________:: part of enzyme that binds to the structure to form the product and help with the reaction.

Hydrolysis

________:: adding water to break bonds of polymers, results in monomers.

Adhesion

________:: water sticks to something else (but not nonpolar substances), allows transpiration in plants.

Buffers

________:: resist sharp changes in pH in aqueous solutions, acids and bases neutralize each other.

Dehydration synthesis

________:: remove water to join monomers to form new molecules.

Catalyst

________:: increases rate of a chemical reactions without changing itself.

Polar covalent

________:: valence electrons are unequally shared.

straight hydrocarbon

Saturated fatty acid:: lack double bonds, ________ chains, help hormone production and protein signaling, solid at room temp.

high surface

Cohesion:: water sticks to itself, ________ tension, also helps transport water in plants.

Catabolic pathway

________:: break molecules into smaller units, release energy.

Polymer

________:: substance made of smaller, simpler monomers.

Anabolic pathway

________:: build complex molecules from simpler ones, need an input of energy.

Quaternary structure

________:: coil of tertiaries, most affected by denaturation.

Competitive inhibition

________:: substance with similar shape to substrate binds to and blocks active site.

High specific heat

________:: water absorbs a lot of energy before its temperature changes, prevents sudden rise in temp in living organisms.

Molecular diversity

________:: can form 4 chemical bonds to other atoms, small size fits into many large molecules.

Hydrogen bond

________:: weak bond between hydrogen and N, O, or F; results from polarity and electronegativity, occurs between molecules.

nonpolar covalent

Hydrophobic:: caused by ________ bonds and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, mostly nonpolar C- H bonds.

Monomer

________:: molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

polar covalent

valence electrons are unequally shared

nonpolar covalent

valence electrons shared equally

ionic

transfer of electrons, forms an anion and cation

hydrogen bond

weak bond between hydrogen and N, O, or F; results from polarity and electronegativity, occurs between molecules

adhesion

water sticks to something else (but not nonpolar substances), allows transpiration in plants

cohesion

water sticks to itself, high surface tension, also helps transport water in plants

high specific heat

water absorbs a lot of energy before its temperature changes, prevents sudden rise in temp in living organisms

acids

dissociate in water, release hydrogen ions

bases

either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-), proton acceptor

buffers

resist sharp changes in pH in aqueous solutions, acids and bases neutralize each other

structural

same formula, different order

cis trans

same formula, different positioning around double bond

enantiomers

same formula, mirror image positioning

hydrolysis

adding water to break bonds of polymers, results in monomers

dehydration synthesis

remove water to join monomers to form new molecules

saturated fatty acid

lack double bonds, straight hydrocarbon chains, help hormone production and protein signaling, solid at room temp

unsaturated fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain, at least one double bond covalent bond, ends in carboxyl group

hydrophobic

caused by nonpolar covalent bonds and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, mostly nonpolar C-H bonds

primary structure

linear amino acids (monomer), least denaturation when temp changes

secondary structure

alpha helix or b-pleated sheet

tertiary structure

most functional, random coil, S-S bonds, interacting R groups

quaternary structure

coil of tertiaries, most affected by denaturation

endergonic reaction

energy absorbed, reaction isnt spontaneous, requires energy to be driven

exergonic reaction

energy released, reaction is spontaneous

anabolic pathway

build complex molecules from simpler ones, need an input of energy

catabolic pathway

break molecules into smaller units, release energy

catalyst

increases rate of a chemical reactions without changing itself

active site

part of enzyme that binds to the structure to form the product and help with the reaction

induced fit

enzyme causes change in shape of substrate, contrasts lock and key fit

competitive inhibition

substance with similar shape to substrate binds to and blocks active site

noncompetitive inhibition

molecules bind to another part of the enzyme, changing its shape and function

feedback inhibition

enzyme is inhibited by the substrates end product after interacting with the enzyme