FINALS - PHONOLOGY AND PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES

LANGUAGE

• It is naturally vocal, and primarily used in verbal exchanges.

• It is spoken through the use of articulatory organs.

• Because of this, study of linguistic speech has been considered important.

Minimal-Pairs

When only one phoneme sound differ in a pair of words that has distinct meanings.

Allophone

Different ways to articulate a phoneme depending on its setting in the word.

Complementary distribution

Occurs when words are modified by their environment

Articulation

Production of sounds using the vocal tract such as in articulation of vowels and consonants. It is an act of producing sounds using speech organs such as jaw, tounge, lips, etc.

Pronunciation

Manner of speaking the words correctly. Way of producing sounds including stress, intonation, and articulation. Manner of sounding the sound during the utterance.

Enunciation

Clarity of how the sounds are produced.

Phonation

The physical property of speech sound production. The reason for the sound. It occurs when the air is carried to the lungs - glottis - larynx. This causes the vibration of the vocal folds when sounds are produced.

Nasalization

When the mouth utters some words, velum is lowered. Some air passes through the nose. When the sound is expelled partly through the nose and the mouth. such as /n/

Phonetics vs Phonology

Phonetics is the physical production of sounds using articulators, while phonology is the study of how speech sounds function.

General Phonetics

Study of sounds and other speeches of human.

Experimental Phonetics

Investigates the physical occurrence of speech including how sounds are produced and perceived. It looks in the nature of the audible signal transmitted from speaker- listener. It covers areas like articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.

Articulatory Phonetics

Concerned with the production of sounds. Explains the motion of speech structure such as lips, tongue, velum, jaw, etc. The place and manner of articulation are classified under this. It also talks about the transformation of the airflow through the vocal tract in acoustic energy.

Primary articulators

Upper gum, ridge, upper lip, lower lip, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, velum, uvula, pharyngeal wall, and glottis.

Production of sounds

Starts when the air is pushed from the lungs to the glottis. When pushed in glottis, pressure in larynx drop. The drop causes vibration in the vocal folds, and the the opening becomes smaller since the tension is across the larynx.

Muscle of the mouth

These muscles articulate the sounds, such as tongue, plates, teeth.

Pulmonic sound

Production of the air affects the sound. When it is said the be produced directly from the lungs, it is pulmonic.

Ingressive vs. Egressive sound

When the air is sucked in, it is ingressive. When the air is pushed-out, it is egressive.

Articulatory process

It shapes the words in every utterance. Proper articulation makes the word clearer. Articulatory system encompasses: mouth, lungs, tongue, teeth, lips, nose, larynx, vocal folds. It makes human capable of articulation.

Speech

Result of how the speaker enunciate the word.

Auditory phonetics

Involves the perception of sounds and how sounds are heard and interpreted. It is concerned as listener as receiver of the message. Sound perception and decoding messages. Speaker-hearer

Brain

Central receptor that identifies sound.

Descriptive phonetics

Deals with range of topics including vowels, consonants, transcriptions, suprasegmental features and dialect variations.

Vowels

Sounds that are syllabic and pronounced without any restrictions in the organs. It varies in loudness, quality and strength. It is voiced and includes stress, tone and intonation.

Consontants

Speech sounds that are articulated with partial or complete closure of the vocal tract.

Suprasegmental features

Prosodic features that includes stress, tone, intonation, pitch, and juncture. Not only limited to sounds but also to syllables, phrases, words, sentences.

Transcription

Symbolic and visual representation of speech sounds. The IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is the commonly utilized transcription.

Assimilation

Process of influencing preceding or following sounds, which causes changes in sound production

Regressive - assimilation

When the preceding sound is assimilated

Progressive - assimilation

When the succeeding sound is assimilated.

Reciprocal - assimilation

The influence of two sounds is mutual (both preceding and succeeding sounds are assimilated.

Deletion

The process of dropping or eliding specific sounds. Usually at the end of the cluster.

Dissimilation

The deletion of the first similar phonemes or initial phonemes of the adjoining words.

Aphaeresis

The deletion of sound happens at the beginning of the word.

Syncope

The deletion of sound happens initially or at the middle

Apocope

The deletion of sound happens at the end of the word.

Weakening or lenition

Eliding of the weak phoneme or weakening of the weak consonant

Insertion of epenthesis

Process of inserting sounds

Prosthesis

Insertion of sound happens at the beginning of the word.

Anaptyxis

Insertion of sounds happen at the middle part of the word.

Paragoge

Insertion of sounds happen at the end of the word.

Excrescence

A consonant sound is inserted between other consonants.

Metathesis

Process of reordering phonemes.

Lengthening

Process of stretching the sound of some phonemes where some sounds become long as a result of sound loss.

Acoustic phonetics

Phonetic division that is concerned with the control, transmission and reception of sounds. It analyzes the wave signals of sounds that occur within the fluctuating frequencies, amplitudes and length of a speech

Wavelength

It is the distance between the crest of a sound wave. It is the distance the sound travels during period, from peak to peak.

Period

Refers to the time to complete one cycle of sounds

Amplitude

The height of the wave. The intensity of sounds is measured using decibel. Normal is 60 decibel.

Frequency

The number of wave cycles that pass through a set of points in a second, which is measured by hertz.