ICT Midterm Exam Reviewer

Alexander Graham Bell

Revolutionized the communications field by inventing the telephone

Pre-mechanical period

3000BCE - 14th century

Words and pictograms curved in rocks

Discovery of papyrus and paper

Cuneiform

First true writing system and real information system

Record > Calculate > Transmit > Process

The story in one line in thein all eras of technology

Mechanical period

16th century

1st Industrial Revolution

Abacus

Used in Mesopotamia, 2500 BCE

1st computation tool for arithmetic operations

Pascaline

By Blasé Pascal in 1642

1st mechanical calculator

Purpose was to help his father with tax collection

Foundation of computing system

Blasé Pascal

He Invented the Pascaline

Modern computer

Made by Charles Babbage

Difference and Analytical engine

Charles Babbage

Father of modern computer

Difference Engine

Made in 1821

Computes logarithm and trigonometry

Analytical Engine

Made in 1832

1st computing machine capable of computing any mechanical operation, not just polynomials

Prototype of modern computer

Electromechanical period

It started in the 18th century

Telegraph

Invented in 1837 by William Cooke and Sir Wheatstone in UK

1st device to use electricity to transmit information over an electrical media

1844

The date that Samuel Morse (USA) introduced the first single-circuit telegraph that gave rise to Morse code

Telephone

Made in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell

Converts sound into electricity and enables the telephone network to transmit through copper wire.

Radio

Made in 1894 by Marconi

Device that uses electrical waves to transmit information

Marconi discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can produce and effect far from the point at which it originated

Electronic Period

1940 up to the present

Has 4 main events

Vacuum Tube Machines

ENIAC

1st generation of electronic computers

Weighs 30 tonnes and 1,800 sqm.

Can calculate 5,000 mathematical operations in 5 seconds (estimate)

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

Full abbreviation of ENIAC

Transistor

Made in 1947 by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley at Bell labs

Small electric switch that turns on or off, amplifies signal

Integrated circut

Made in 1958 by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce

Multiple transistors, resistors, and other components combined

Tiny chip made of semi-conductors materials

Computer Microprocessors

Made in 1971 by Intel, led by Hoff, Faggin, and Mazor (Intel 4004)

Entire central processing unit (CPU) of a computer placed on a single chip

Abacus > Pascaline > Difference Engine > Telegraph > Telephone > Radio > ENIAC > Transistor > Integrated circut > Computer Microprocessors

Exact order of the technologies invented

ICT (Information and Communications Technology)

The processing of data that includes sending, editing, receiving, locating, and saving using different hardware and software components

Technologies that provide access to information through telecommunication

World Wide Web (WWW)

Is an information system on the internet that allows document to be connected to other documents by hypertext links

System of information, not the internet

Web page

Page of the web

Is a hypertext document connected to the WWW

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/S)

The transfer method used by WWW to transmit and receive Web pages

S is for “secured socket”

Without the letter S, there is a possibility that it is an unsafe website

Websites

Connections between single web page to multiple web pages

Transfer from 1 page to another using https

Web 1.0

“Read only” web

Website pages are STATIC and the page is “as is” (flat or stationary page) and can’t be manipulated by user

Website contents and layouts are inseparable

Website contents are stored in files

Website use proprietary HTML tags

Websites do not embed guestbook in the content page

Website forms are usually sent by email

Information based

Similar to one way communication

Visit page and get information

Cannot be edited and manipulated; Only the designer can edit

Users cannot comment

Cannot be hacked easily

Tim Berners-Lee

English engineer and computer scientist

Invented the web 1.0

Web 2.0

The web we know now, which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls, is only an embryo of the Web to come

It has user-generated contents (Ex. Instagram content depends on users)

It has emphasis on user experience

It has improved interoperability (incorporates application programming interfaces or API)

Browsers: User interface, Application Software, and File storage

Darcy DiNucci

The person who coined Web 2.0 on January 1999

Tim O’Reilly and Dale Dougherty

The two people who popularized the Web 2.0 in the 2000

Folksonomy

Allows users to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely chosen keywords

Users create their own tags

Hashtagging

Rich User Experience

Content is dynamic and responsive to the user's input

Websites/apps are interactive and engaging

User Participation

The owner of the website is not the only one who is able to put content

Users create and share contents

Longtail

Services offered on demand rather than on a one-time purchase

Offers niche content for a small audience

Software as a Service

Users subscribed to a software only when needed rather than purchasing them

Online software you don’t need to install

Mass Participation

Diverse information sharing through universal web access

Lots of people joining in

Semantic Web

A movement led by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

“The intelligent web”

Provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries

To have machines (or servers) understand the user’s preferences to be able to deliver web content specifically targeting the user

Web 3.0

It adheres to minimalist

It uses the semantic web

It is ever present web

It applies and uses Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

A computer that is able to mimic or simulate human thoughts or behavior within that is a subset of called Machine Learning

Dr. Geoffrey E. Hinton

Godfather of Modern Artificial Intelligence

Built a “Neural Net” in 2012

Neural Net

Allows data to be stored and shared

Direct and based on user interest/preferences

Convergent Technologies

A theoretical perspective where different technologies are unified into one technology.

Convergence

Refers to the meeting of different elements to make up a whole.

Integrate Technology

Different technologies can be linked to each other. Can be detached from the main technology

Mobile Technologies

Rise of SMARTPHONES

High speed internet with 5th GENERATION (5G) Long Term Evolution (LTE), the current fastest mobile network.

Operating systems

Are responsible for the overall function of the device.

Manage the memory process and the software within a device.

Social Media

A website, application, or online channel that enables web users to create, co-create, discuss, modify, and exchange user-generated content.

1. Social Network

2. Bookmarking Sites

3. Social News

4. Media Sharing

5. Microblogging

6. Blogs and Forums

The 6 types of social media

Social Networks

Allow the creation of a personal account that will connect with other people with the same interests or background for different purposes.

These sites are all about people-to-people connections.

Bookmarking sites

Allows you to store and manage links to various websites and resources.

Like a digital filing cabinet for your favorite online finds

Social News

Allows the users to post their own news articles, stories, videos, photographs, or links to other news sources.

The community decides what’s important or trending.

Media Sharing

Allows users to upload and share media content like images, music, and video.

The focus is on visual and creative content

Microblogging

Online broadcast mediums that allow their users to post and exchange short content.

It’s like shouting out quick thoughts to the world.

Blogd and Forums

Blogs allow users to post their content.

Author-generated content.

Forums contain question-and-answer discussion boards. user-generated content.

A space for deeper sharing, storytelling, and discussions.

Assistive Media

Devices that are adaptive, assistive, and rehabilitative to the elderly and to people with special needs.

Examples like mobility aids and hearing aids.

Online systems

Refer to the integrated and collaborative use of software, hardware, and the Internet to deliver their intended function through an identified platform.

Online Platforms

Refer to the range of services and tools available on the internet to provide online functions

Online functions

Refer to what the system can do for its users.

Online safety

E-safety or cyber safety

The maximization of internet users’ knowledge and awareness of safety protocols, online crimes, and security risks in private property and information, which are connected to the use of the internet.

Online security

Rules that are followed and the actions that are taken to make sure that online users and data privacy aren't compromised by cybercriminals.

Online crimes

These violations are actions that can cause harm to others

Cyberbullying

Any severe or repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal, or electronic expression, or a physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at another student that has the effect of actually causing or placing the latter in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to his property;

Creating a hostile environment at school, infringing on the rights of another, or materially or substantially disrupting the education process.

Republic Act of 10627

The Republic Act that defined cyberbullying

Flaming

An online fight using electronic messages with angry and vulgar language.

Harassment

The act of repeatedly sending nasty, mean, and insulting messages.

Denigration

Sending or posting gossip or rumors about a person to damage his or her reputation or friendships.

Impersonation

When someone is pretending to be someone else and sending or posting material to get that person in trouble or danger or to damage that person's reputation or friendships.

Outing

The act of sharing someone's secrets or embarrassing information or images online.

Trickery

When someone is talking to a person to let him or her reveal his or her secrets or embarrassing information, and then shares the sensitive information online.

Exclusion

When one is intentionally or cruelly excluded from an online group.

Cyberstalking

The act of repeated, intense harassment and denigration that includes threats or creates significant fear.

Identity Theft

Crimes involving fraudulent or deceptive use of another person's personal data, often for economic gain,

Shoulder surfing

Is done by criminals as you use online communication in public places.

Phishing

The fraudulent practice of sending emails claiming to be from reputable companies to entice individuals to reveal personal information, often disguised as a congratulatory message.

Scams created by cybercriminals who intend to ask for private or elicit information from their victims.

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else's work or ideas without their consent, including published and unpublished material.

Copyright Infringement

Occurs when a work is reproduced, distributed, performed, publicly displayed, or made into a derivative without the owner's permission.

Internet security threats

Dangers that are associated with using the internet.

Malware

Shortened form of malicious software

Some of the examples of malware are computer viruses, worms, and dishonest spyware

Computer Worms

Programs that can replicate themselves from one computer to another in great volume and can spread rapidly without human intervention.

Spam

They are usually junk mail sent to your email, but there are times when they contain links that put you at risk.

These links may be connected to malware that

intends to steal your data.

1. Browser selection

2. Email Security

3. Multifactor Authentication

4. Firewall

Internet security strategies

Browser selection

Ensure your browser is secure by using control settings and security architecture to protect users from cyber-attacks.

Email security

Implementing comprehensive email security can significantly reduce threats like hacking, worms, viruses, and other unwarranted programs.

Multifactor Authentication (MFA)

Controlled through multiple authentication mechanisms, such as logging into an online account with a password.

Firewalls

Crucial security tools that prevent unauthorized access to networks, allowing or denying system access.

They protect the network from unwanted data and theft, ensuring it remains secure and protected from potential threats.

Online ethics

In the context of internet use, it is analyzing the role of the internet in developing a good life.

Privacy

The security of internet users' data for online transactions raises questions about whether government or private organizations can use the internet for surveillance without their knowledge.

Big data

Significant amounts of data are collected, managed, and maintained, crucial for making informed decisions.

Net Neutrality

All internet providers should give equal treatment to all content that flows in their network.

Access to the internet

If the Internet is a right, then how do we view the large portion of humanity that does not have or have limited access to it?

Online etiquette

Specific and acceptable conduct must be observed by the internet users

Acceptable conduct that adheres to polite behavior and respectful manners