Collision of Hemispheres: Vocab

During this time, what are some important things to note about trade?

1. There were new trade routes through the land and sea

2. East (especially China) was the main goods producer

3. Mediterranean sea was in heavy use

4. Everyone wants the goods from the East!

5. Africa has trade as well, both through the sea and land

6. Many nations wanted access to trade routes

During this time, what are some important things to note about the Ottoman Empire? (specifically concerning trade)

1. Islam is widely spread through trade routes in the Middle East

2. Commerce is BOOMIIN’, baby!

3. Trade routes are Ottoman Empire based/ Ottoman Empire controls most trade

Why is the “Age of Exploration” happening at the same time as the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution?

Renaissance thinking like individualism, secularism, and skepticism (same stuff that sparked the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution btw) leads people to wonder, “What else is out there?” This accompanied by the loss of Constantinople and not wanting to be taxed (desire for new trade routes), religious prosecution, and new tech and advancements from the Scientific Revolution led to the exploration of the new world.

Which European countries were the first to “explore” and why?

Spain and Portugal due to them being very far from Asia (wanted new trade routes) and they also had a close proximity to the ocean. -Note- Portugal was first, then they were followed by Spain

Why did Europe want to find new trade routes?

So they wouldn’t be taxed by the Gunpowder Empires (remember, at this time Christians and Muslims aren’t besties) and so they could have more exclusive access to Asian goods and resources. (More trade w/ China and Asia)

What were the motivations for exploring? (Three G’s)

1. God- Ships were sent with missionaries to convert people to their religion (Usually the funder’s religion which was often Christianity)

2. Gold- Europeans want resources to make money! (Wasn’t always gold, it could be spices, porcelain, silver, etc. Just things people want!)

3. Glory- People want recognition for themselves and their countries

4. (Greed) People want power and money

What were some major changes in Europe during this time?

Strong Monarchs: Pope’s loosing power, so the power goes to the monarchs. They start funding explorations out of curiosity and hopes for more power and resources.

Political Rivalries: There are limited resources in Europe, so competition for power eventually leads out of Europe.

Cannons

Allowed ships to protect themselves and goods from other nations and pirates (Gunpowder, baby!)

Compass

Shows which way is north, south, east, and west. (Chinese invention)

Astrolabe

Uses stars to get a ship’s latitude and longitude. (Gunpowder Empires)

Caravel

Smaller and faster ships that allow the ship to sail into the wind, not just with it. Also allowed ships to go to the coast. (Portuguese invention)

Mercantilism

The idea that land and resources are limited (finite) so people need to colonize (take over) other territories, which the colonizer should be able to profit from economically.

Cartography

Map making skills improved during this time, allowing them to go places.

Which person and which country was first in Western Europe to explore through sea?

Prince Henry the Navigator and Portugal (The prince didn’t actually sail, he just funded the explorations)

What was Portugal’s basic goals?

1. Learn more about other lands

2. Bring Christianity to Africa and Asia

3. Find sea route to Asia around Africa

What was Portugal’s unspoken goals?

1. Take over trade areas from Muslims

2. Take control of African slave trade

3. Become richer through trade. (Led to explorers going out and…well, exploring)

Why was it so important that Vasco de Gama sailed around the Southern tip of Africa? (think maps and trade)

He mapped everything along the way, allowing people to follow where he went.

Circumnavigate

To sail all the way around the something, in this case, the Earth

Who was the first to circumnavigate the Earth?

Ferdinand Magellan; his expedition completed the journey.

What are the components of a Civilization?

1. Centralized government

2. Organized Religion]

3. Job specialization

4. Social hierachy

5. Art and architecture

6. Writing system

7. Economic system

What types of settlements do Europeans find on the coasts of Africa?

Civilized societies. These included the West African Imperial System, Ethiopia and Bantu States.

What was the major trade route in China?

The Silk Road

How did Zheng He’s exploration contribute to China?

Spread Islam and increased trade and stature for China

How did Zheng He’s expeditions compare to Western Europe’s later expeditions? (think size of fleet, etc.)

Zheng He’s:

-300 ships

-28,000 sailors

-400 ft. long, 160 ft wide

Columbus:

-4 ships

-90 sailors

-62 ft long, 42 ft wide

What was China’s response to Zheng He’s exploration?

When the new dynasty gains power and aren’t Islam, they burn all of his records, and China ends up closing themselves off to the rest of the world. They basically say, “Haha losers, you don’t have access to our wealth anymore!! You don’t have anything to offer us, go eat dirt, unless you have silver which we will accept. But you have to kneel down before our Emperor, pledge aligence to them, and bring us a whole bunch of gifts for us to accept your goods ” holds up L to forehead

Where do the Europeans go to find what China wants?

The Americas (North, Central, and South America)

Old World:

Europe, Africa, Asia

New world:

Americas

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, disease and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyages. It significantly impacted agriculture and societies on both sides of the Atlantic.

What were some positive effects of the Colombian Exchange?

• New goods like foods and domesticated animals were exchanged between the two places

• China’s population doubled due to corn

• Europeans got better nutrients from American foods, leading to a higher population

What were some negative effects of the Colombian Exchange? (Oh boy here we go…)

• Disease to Americas (small pox, measles, influenza, malaria, etc.) which wiped out millions of Native Americans who had no immunity to these new sicknesses

• Intermittent warfare and other violence in the Americas

• Natives were treated very poorly

• Natural landscape was damaged

• Forceful conversion of religion

• And lots of other bad things! (Gee, thanks Columbus!)

New foods + animals to Europeans from Americas:

• Potatoes

• Corn

• Sweet Potatoes (starches!)

• tomatoes

• Turkey

• llamas

New foods and animals to Americas from Europeans:

• coffe

• oranges

• rice

• wheat

• sheep

• cattle

• horses

How did the Columbian Exchange effect other places?

• Corn allowed China’s population to grow. They also got more silver

• Africa grew peanuts and corn, which are still widely grown today

After the Americas were discovered:

• Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands all wanted resources for their countries.

• Old world countries start taking over new world territories for their natural resources. They expected colonies to take care of the “mother” country’s economic needs (*intense foreshadowing* *Hamilton music starts playing in the background* *eagle cries* *national anthem starts to play *)

As the “need” for labor and land increases, the Pope steps in to stop tensions between Portugal and Spain. This leads to the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Line of Demarcation which was…

Basically, the Pope had a favorite child and was like, “Oh Spain, my beloved child, you can have the west of the new continent (South America) that you found (Line of Demarcation)! And for you Portugal… uh…well, you can have the rest which is the east I guess.” This was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)