ITAL 156: History and Culture of the Eternal City - Exam 3 Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the major figures, events, and historical movements outlined in the ITAL 156 Exam 3 Review Sheet.

Lorenzo Valla and the Donation of Constantine

The humanist application of philology to analyze and demonstrate the historical forgery of the imperial decree known as the Donation of Constantine.

Ninety-five Theses (1517)

Martin Luther's Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, attacking clerical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences.

Imperial Election of 1519

The contest in which Charles of Habsburg was elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V over François I of France, overseen during the papacy of Pope Leo X.

Battle of Pavia (1525)

A decisive military engagement during the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the forces of Charles V and France.

Sack of Rome (1527)

The violent plundering of Rome by the imperial troops of Charles V, which brought an end to Renaissance Rome.

Ghetto of Rome (1555)

The segregated quarter to which Pope Paul IV confined the Jews of Rome in 1555, lasting until 1870.

Piazza Navona

A prominent urban square in Baroque Rome famously transformed by the works of Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

The Grand Tour

A traditional educational journey across Europe and Italy undertaken by wealthy travelers (the 'milord'), often assisted by a local antiquarian or guide (the 'cicerone').

Edward Gibbon

The English historian who conceived his masterpiece, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, while visiting Rome in 1764.

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

Pioneering art historian who published the History of the Art of Antiquity in 1764.

Congress of Vienna (1814–1815)

The international diplomatic conference led by statesmen including Metternich to re-establish political order and the Restoration in Europe after Napoleon.

Carbonari

Secret revolutionary societies that organized nationalist insurrections in 1820–1821 in Piedmont and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Young Italy (1831)

A political movement dedicated to creating a united, free, and republican Italy, founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in exile in Marseille.

Giuseppe Gioachino Belli

A Roman poet celebrated for his extensive collection of satirical and descriptive sonnets composed in the vernacular Romanesco dialect.

Pius IX

Elected in 1846 as the 'liberal' pope; he granted a constitution in 1848, but fled to Gaeta following the assassination of his minister Pellegrino Rossi.

Roman Republic of 1849

A short-lived republican state proclaimed on 9 February 1849 embodying the ideal of the 'Third Rome,' terminated when French troops entered Rome in July 1849.

Garibaldi and the Mille (1860)

The expedition of volunteer soldiers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi that liberated southern Italy, culminating in his meeting with Victor Emmanuel II at Teano.

Porta Pia (20 September 1870)

The breach through which the Italian army entered Rome, ending the temporal power of the papacy and enabling Rome to become the capital of Italy in 1871.

Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria (1914)

The political organization founded by Benito Mussolini after his expulsion from the Socialist Party, marking his transition toward Fascism.

March on Rome (October 1922)

The Fascist paramilitary rally and coup threat that resulted in King Victor Emmanuel III appointing Benito Mussolini as prime minister.

Giacomo Matteotti

A Socialist deputy assassinated in June 1924, triggering a political crisis that culminated in the establishment of Mussolini's open dictatorship on 3 January 1925.

EUR (Esposizione Universale Roma)

A planned residential and business district in Rome exemplifying Fascist architecture, monumental urban planning, and the regime's cult of Augustus.

Ethiopian War (1935–1936)

The colonial conquest through which Fascist Italy expanded into East Africa, prompting Mussolini to proclaim the 'return of the Empire.'

Racial Laws (1938)

Discriminatory anti-Semitic legislation enacted by Mussolini's regime following the publication of the Manifesto of the Race.

Roundup of October 16, 1943

The military arrest and deportation of more than a thousand Roman Jews from the historic Ghetto directly to the Auschwitz concentration camp.