Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide

When each molecule of glucose is made into 2 proteins it, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is _

Potential energy is stored in the NADH produced

ATP is made during glycolysis through _

Substrate-level phosphorylation

What are two inhibiting factors of phosphofructokinase (PFK)?

ATP and Citrate

Problems with clogged pyruvate/lactate?

An issue with entering the mitochondria in pyruvate oxidation

What occurs normally regardless of O2 is there or not?

Glycolysis

In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by _

reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol

A function of both alcohol/lactic acid fermentation is to_

oxidize NADH to NAD+

An increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to do what to PFK?

Inhibit PFK and slow the rates of glycolysis/citric acid cycle

Calvin Cycle location

Stroma of chloroplast

What does it mean when Cytochrome C is completely reduced.

It gains electrons and cannot lose anymore; ETC stops.

What happens if Complex IV is blocked?

Electrons cannot reach oxygen, ETC/ATP stops

What happens to muscle cells when oxygen is unavailable?

They use lactic acid fermentation to regeneration NAD+

Why is regenerating NAD+ important?

Allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP

How is excess glucose stored as fat?

Glucose —> Acetyl-CoA —> fatty acids —> triglycerides

How do cells break down stored triglycerides for energy

1) Lipolysis

2) Beta-oxidation makes Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2

What do respiration and photosynthesis ETCs have in common?

Electron carriers, proton gradients, ATP synthase, and Chemiosmosis

Final electron acceptor in respiration?

Oxygen

Final electron acceptor in photosynthesis?

NADP+

Antenna pigments function

1) Absorb different wavelengths

2) Transfer energy to the reaction center

What three molecules does the Calvin cycle need to make G3P

CO2, ATP, and NADPH

Purpose of fermentation?

Regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis continues

When does fermentation occur?

No oxygen available or ETC doesn’t function

Fermentation location

Cytoplasm