Unit 2 history

Radical Republicans

Northern who wanted equal rights for formerly enslaved people

Andrew Johnson

President after Lincoln who opposed many protections for freed African Americans

13th amendment

ended slavery

14th amendment

Made people born or natrualized in the U.S. citizens, granting them equal protection under the law.

15th amendment

gave black men the right to vote

freedmens bureau

helped formely enslaved people with education, food, and jobs

voting restrictions

rules used to stop certain people, especially black Americans from voting

black codes

southern laws that limited the freedom of black americans after cival war

jim crow laws

laws that enforced racial segregation

Lynching

killing someone with ought legal trial, mob

Ida B wells

black woman journalist who fought agints lynching and racism

Plessy v Freguson

supreme court case that allowed segregation under “sepreate but equal”

booker t washington

leader who encouraged black americans to gain job skills and education (get rights gradudly through jobs)

W.E.B DuBois

Leader who demanded immediate equal rights for black americans(Demanded imediate equal rights)

Robber barons/ captains of industry

names for wealthy bussnes leaders- robber barons exploited workers, while captains of industry helped the economy grow

Andrew Carnagie

stell businessman who became very wealthy

Jhon D rockefeller

oil bussnesman who controlled much of the oil industry

Thomas edison

inventor who helped develop practical eletric lighting

gospel of wealth

idea that rich people should use their money to help society

social darwinism

belief that the strongest and most sucsesful people deserve their wealth

monopolies

when one company controls most of industry

horizontal integration

buying competing companies in the same industry

vertical integration

controlling the diffrent steps of making and selling a product

Sherman anti trust act

law meant to stop bussinesses from creating monopolies

Child labor/ Lewis Hine

children worked in dangerous jobs- Lewis Hine photographed them to expose the problem

Unions

groups of workers who fight for better pay and working conditions

Eugene debs

Labor learder who supported workers and unions

Haymarket riot

1886 chicago protest that turned violemt during a fight for an 8 hour work day

Homestead strike

1892 steelworkers strike against carngeies steel company

Pullman strike

1894 railroad workers strike over pay cuts and worlking conditions

push and pull factors

push factors make people leave their country ex- religious execution or military involvement. Pull factors attract them to another country ex- religious freedom, political freedom

old and new immigration

old immigrants came from northern and western Europe(Ireland, Germany) , new immigrants mainly came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia)

Nativism

favoring native born Americans over immigrants .

Living conditions/ Jacob Riis

Many immigrants lived in crowded unhealthy housing, Riis photographed these conditions

Ellis island and Angel island

Ellis island- mainly processed immigrants arriving on the east coast

Angel island- mainly processed immigrants arriving on the west coast especially from asia

Chinese exclusion act

Law that banned most Chinese laborers from immigrating to the us.

Emma Lazarus

poet whose poem on the statue of liberty welcome immigrants

Tenements

crowded apartment building where many poor families lived

skyscrapers

very tall buildings made possible by the new technology

rise of the city

cities grew as factories and businesses attracted workers

new transportation

streetcars, elevated trains ,and subways helped move people around the cities.

Solution to urban problems

clean water, sewers, garbage collection and better housing

central park

large public park in Nyc created as a place for recreation

Growth of middle class

more people were becoming office workers and professionals, allowing more families to afford leisure activities and consumer goods

Battle of little Bighorn

1876 battle where native Americans defeated us army forces led by general Custer

Ghost dance

Native American religious movement that offered hope for the return of traditional ways to life

Battle of wounded Knee

1890 massacre in which us soldiers killed hundreds of lakota sioux (people who lived mainly in the Great Plains of North America.)

dawes act

a law that divided tribal land into individual plots to encourage native Americans to adopt white american ways

reservation system

system that forced native American to adopt white American ways

carlisle school

boarding school that forced native American children to adopt white American culture

Helen Hunt Jackson

writer who exposed the unfair treatment of native Americans

Sharecropping

farming system where farmers worked land owned by someone else and paid with their crops

farmers (homesteaders)

people who settled and farmed land, often in the west

cowboys

workers who herded cattle across the west

miners

people who dug for gold, silver, and other valuable minerals

long drive

moving large herds of cattle over long distances to markets or railroads

farmers alliance

group of farmers who worked together to demand better prices and lower costs

gilded age

period from the late 1800s when the country had great wealth but also serious poverty and corruption

boss tweed/ political machine

boss tweed was a corrupt new york politican, political machines traded favors for votes and political support

1896 election

election won by william mckinley who supported the gold standard over free silver

Gold vs silver

debate over whether money should be backed by gold alone or by both gold and silver

William Jennings Bryan

politician who supported free silver to help the struggling farmers

populaists and their goals

political movement that supported farmers and workers, calling for reforms such as free silver, rail road regulation, and graduated income tax.