IAC Exam II Review

tooth directional terms

distal: twds molars

mesial: twds incisors

lingual: on tongue side

buccal: on cheek side

5 points of normal occlusion

- midline match and head symmetry

- incisor overlap (scissor bite)

- canine interlock

- premolar interdigitation

- carnassial overlap

puppy deciduous teeth eruption times

incisors: 4-6wks

canines: 3-5wks

premolars: 5-6wks

kitten deciduous teeth eruption times

incisors: 3-4wks

canines: 3-4wks

premolars: 5-6wks

dog permanent teeth eruption times

incisors: 12-16wks

canines: 12-16wks

premolars: 16-20wks

molars: 16-24wks

cat permanent teeth eruption times

incisors: 11-16wks

canines: 12-20wks

premolars: 16-20wks

molars: 20-24wks

key foramen

infraorbital, middle mental, mandibular

maintenance water for horses

40-60ml/kg/day

forage rules for horses

>50% total diet, 1.5-2% BW per day

structural carbohydrates in horses

good in hindgut fermenters, fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, VFAs produced, slow release energy

nonstructural carbohydrates in horses

bad in excess, simple sugars, increases blood gluose and insulin, fast release energy

complete feed

must be at least 18% fiber, good for senior horses, poor dentition, asthma

grains in horses are good for

exercise, lactation, growing

horse maintenance kcal calculation

easy keeper: 30.3 x bwt (kg)

average: 33.3 x bwt (kg)

hardkeeper: 36.3 x bwt (kg)

rumen function

host environment for bacteria/protozoa/fungi, storage and breakdown of ingesta, absorption of nutrients and water

rumen pH

6.0-7.0 on roughage diet

5.5-6.5 on grain diet

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) in ruminants

produced by microbes, 70-80% of energy needs, acetate, butyrate, propionate

ruminal acidosis

highly digestible feeds increase production of VFAs, drops pH of rumen

resting energy requirement (RER) =

(bwt in kg)^0.75 x 70

maintenance energy requirement (MER) =

RER x MER factor

considerations for choosing a feed

life stage, job/performance, breed

water requirement for dogs

50ml/kg/day

unique nutritional needs for cats

higher protein, taurine, dry vs wet food

3 considerations for performinga nutritional assessment

animal factors, diet, feeding management

steps to formulate a plan for weight loss

1. assess patient and rule out underlying diseases

2. estimate ideal BW

3. set calorie restriction

4. pick diet

5. treat allowance plan

6. encourage activity

7. follow-up

BCS: % overweight

BCS 6: 10%

BCS 7: 20%

BCS 8: 30%

BCS 9+: 40+%

weight needed to be lost =

current BW X % overweight

ideal BW =

current BW - amt needed tobe lost

determine initial calorite restriction

feed 80% of current cal or calc RER for ideal BW

treat allowance

rate of weight loss

dog: 1-2% BW lost/week

cat: 0.5-2% BW lost/week