Biol 5 (Weeks 7&8)

How many bases make up a codon?

Three base pairs.

Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?

Interphase and G1.

The term ___________ can be used to describe the genotype of an organism that possesses one dominant and one recessive allele, and this individual express the dominant phenotype.

Heterozygous.

The exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids is called crossing-over and occurs during which phase of meiosis?

Prophase I.

Which type of tissue covers the body surfaces and lines body cavities, such as the respiratory tract and endocrine glands?

Epithelial.

T/F - In a negative feedback mechanism, the response directs the system to operate similarly. For example, if an individual is cold, the negative feedback mechanism would cause the body to become colder.

False.

T/F - Flexion of a synovial joint increases the joint angle while extension of a synovial joint decreases the joint angle.

False.

T/F - Bones grow longer from the diaphysis.

False.

T/F - The axial skeleton consists of the pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle.

False.

A ___________ contains a bunch of muscle cells.

Fascicle

What is the name of the connective tissue membrane that surrounds a single muscle fiber?

Endomysium.

The distance between two Z-Lines is called a _____________.

Sarcomere.

When it comes to a muscle contraction, ATP binds to what structure in the muscle cell?

Myosin head.

Which part of the cell does glycolysis or fermentation occur?

Sarcoplasm.

The main components of the Cardio-Vascular System.

The heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Which way do arteries carry blood?

Away from the heart to the rest of the body.

What are at least two types of tissue that make up a blood vessel?

Epithelial Tissue (Endothelium): Forms the innermost lining (tunica intima) of all blood vessels, providing a smooth, slick surface for blood to flow easily and handling substance exchange.

Smooth Muscle Tissue: Makes up most of the middle layer (tunica media), allowing blood vessels to constrict or dilate to regulate blood pressure and blood flow.

Connective Tissue (Elastic and Collagen Fibers): Found in the outer layers (tunica externa/adventitia) and middle layers, giving vessels strength, structural support, and the elasticity needed to handle high-pressure surges from the heart.

Blood leaves the heart to the body via which vessel?

The aorta.

The sequence is arteries, arterioles and……..

Capillaries.

Where is the heart located in the body?

In the middle of the chest within the thoracic cavity, behind and slightly to the left of the breastbone (sternum).

Which vessel type brings blood back to the heart?

Veins.

How many chambers are in the heart?

Four chambers.

‘USED’ blood comes back to which side of the heart?

The right side.

Blood leaves the lungs and returns to which side of the heart?

The left side.

Blood leaves the heart and goes to the body via which big vessel?

The aorta.

Is this big vessel an artery or a vein?

An artery

The sequence is arteries, arterioles, capillaries THEN……..

Venules followed by veins.

Which vessel type brings blood back to the heart?

Veins.

How many chambers are in the heart?

4.

Blood leaves the lungs and returns to which chamber?

The left atrium.

Blood leaves the heart and goes to the body via which big vessel?

The aorta.

What is the name of the valve that separates the Right atrium from the Right Ventricle?

Tricuspid valve.

Which vessel takes blood from the lungs to the Left atrium?

The pulmonary veins.

Which type of blood vessel that comes from the left side of the heart has the most control over blood flow and blood pressure?

Arterioles.

T/F – An arteriole has less smooth muscle than a venule.

False.

T/F – The left side of the heart has to transport blood further than the right side of the heart?

True.

What is a heartbeat?

A single complete pulsation of the heart, consisting of one contraction and relaxation cycle that pumps blood through the body.

What causes the atria and the ventricles to contract?

An electrical signal (or electrical impulse) from the heart's specialized cardiac conduction system.

How come all the muscle cells in the ventricles contract together – muscle cells don’t do this.

Cardiac muscle acts as a functional syncytium, meaning the cells are electrically linked and work as a single unified unit.

Is it possible to measure the electrical activity of the heart?

Yes, it is possible to measure the electrical activity of the heart using an electrocardiogram.

What is blood pressure?

The force of circulating blood pushing against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps it through your body.

So what is happening when you manually measure blood pressure?

You temporarily stop and then restore blood flow through the upper arm's brachial artery while listening for specific pulse noises through a stethoscope.

Please put into order the ways our cells make energy from the fastest to the slowest –

A. Fermentation (Anaerobic glycolysis or without oxygen)

B. Creatine Phosphate System

C. ATP floating around in the cytosol

D. Cellular Respiration (Aerobic glycolysis)

C, B, A, and D.

Define blood pressure and give the two measurements we use.

The force of circulating blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Systolic and diastolic pressure.

Name the three layers of a blood vessel.

Tunica Intima (Innermost Layer), Tunica Media (Middle Layer), and Tunica Externa / Adventitia (Outermost Layer).

Whole blood is made up of what two compartments.

Plasma and formed elements.

The majority of blood cells are which type.

Red blood cells.

Proteins in the blood are found in which whole blood compartment.

Plasma compartment.

Which type of plasma protein creates ‘osmotic pressure.’

Albumin.

Where in the bone are blood cells formed.

Red bone marrow.

Do leukocytes and erythrocytes come from the same ‘master cell.’

Yes, leukocytes (white blood cells) and erythrocytes (red blood cells) come from the same "master cell" called a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).

How many oxygen molecules can a erythrocyte carry.

1 billion to 1.2 billion oxygen.

Which type of energy pathway (way of making ATP) do erythrocytes use.

Anaerobic glycolysis.

How is the majority of CO2 transported in the body.

Bicarbonate ions (\(HCO_{3}^{-}\)) in the blood plasma.

If I give blood, which hormone will be released that will cause my bones to make new red blood cells.

Erythropoietin (commonly known as EPO).

Which organ releases the above hormone (Erthropoietin)?

The kidneys.

If you feel chronically run down, and have low energy, what ‘disease of the blood’ may you have.

Iron deficiency anemia.

If I have Type A blood, and I get transfused with Type O blood what will happen.

Nothing harmful will happen.

If I have Type AB blood, which type of blood should I stay away from.

Any red blood cell type.

What type of antibody does a person with Type AB blood have.

Has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Which blood type does not have an antigen present on the membrane.

Blood group O.

Which blood type is the best to have from the perspective of receiving a blood transfusion.

Type AB positive.

Which is the best type of blood to have from the perspective of a donor.

Type O.