DRRR

DISASTER

Impacts on people, infrastructure, and the environment; an actual event that can endanger many people.

COMPONENTS

Typically calculated by considering various factors related to hazards and their impacts.

HAZARDS

Potential causes of harm, including the frequency and severity of hazardous events.

EXPOSURE

The extent to which people, property, and infrastructure are exposed to hazards.

VULNERABILITY

The susceptibility of exposed elements to hazards, including their ability to cope with or recover from them.

EARTHQUAKE

A sudden movement along faults within the earth, usually caused by the breaking of underground rock.

SEISMIC WAVES

Created by abrupt movements within the earth, including four types:Primary (P-wave), Secondary (S-wave), Rayleigh waves, and Love waves.

INTENSITY

The strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a locality, generally higher near the epicenter.

MAGNITUDE

The energy released by an earthquake at the focus, calculated using a seismograph.

DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKE

Notable earthquakes with high death tolls, including Tangshan (1976) and Shaanxi (1556).

MOMENT MAGNITUDE

The "W" in earthquake magnitudes, representing a modern standard for measuring seismic events.

CHILE (1960)

The biggest earthquake ever recorded, with a magnitude of 9.5 at a subduction zone.

WARNING SIGNS

Indicators of impending earthquakes, including unusual animal behavior and small tremors.

LAVA FLOWS

Molten rock that erupts from a volcano and flows down its sides, often destructive.

PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

Fast-moving currents of hot gas, ash, and volcanic rocks, extremely hazardous and deadly.

ASHFALL

Tiny fragments of rock and minerals ejected during an eruption, damaging crops and water supplies.

VOLCANIC GASSES

Emissions of various gases that can be toxic or corrosive, contributing to health issues and acid rain.

LAHARS

Volcanic mudflows or debris flows resulting from the mixing of volcanic ash and water.

VOLCANIC LANDSLIDES

Large-scale landslides triggered by eruptions or destabilization of volcanic slopes.

VOLCANIC TSUNAMIS

Generated by eruptions or landslides displacing water, leading to tsunami formation.

TEPHRA FALLOUT

All volcanic materials ejected during an eruption, affecting areas far from the site.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION INDICATORS

Signs predicting eruptions, including seismic activity and ground deformation.

HISTORICAL PATTERNS

Examining past eruptions to provide context for current volcanic activity signs.

Seismic Activity

Increased earthquake activity.

Ground Deformation

As magma rises, it can cause the ground around the volcano to deform.

Gas Emissions

Changes in volcanic gas emissions can indicate an impending eruption.

Thermal Changes

Rising magma can heat the surface of the volcano, causing changes in thermal readings.

Hydrothermal Activities

Increased activity in hot springs, geysers, or fumaroles (venting gases) around a volcano can be a sign of rising magma.

Changes in Volcano’s Behavior

unusual noises, such as rumbling or booming sounds, can be associated with volcanic activity.

Water Chemistry Change

Involcanic lakes and streams, changes in the chemistry of the water, such as increased acidity or the presence of new chemical elements, can indicate rising magma.

Primary (P-wave)

Secondary (S-wave)

BODY WAVES. they can travel inside the earth at high speeds.

Rayleigh

Love Waves

SURFACE WAVES. They can travel at slower speeds close to the earth’s surface.