US History 1 CLEP
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Modern states reading Chapter 2 - etc
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What is the big idea during The Atlantic World 1492-1650?
European rivalry for wealth, power, and religious influence across the Atlantic. First phase of globalization, bringing Africans, native Americans. and Europeans into contact, leading to devastating results
What was Prince Henry also known by?
The navigator
What did Prince Henry do?
He led Portuguese exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s
Which island did Portugal colonize?
Madeira
What did Portugal use the island they colonized for?
They used them as launch points.
Where did Portugal’s empire reach?
Trading posts in China and Japan
How did Portugal control trade routes?
Through islands and costal port, rather than large landmasses
What did Portuguese traders start to trade/export?
entered the African slave trade, began to export slave, ivory, and gold
What did portugal’s sugar plantations fueled demand for
slave labor
What is Elmina Castle also known as?
Ghana
What was ghana?
A fortified trading post whose cannons faced the sea, because of fear of being attacks from European naval more than African land attack
What was Elmina’s Castle original used for?
a gold trading post
What had Ghana turn into by the 1500s?
a holding dungeon which held slaves for weeks or month before shipment
What happened on 1469?
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married, uniting catholic Spain
What happened in 1492?
Spain completed the Reconquista
What is the reconquista?
the Christian conquest of Iberia
How did Spain completed the Reconquista?
by defeating Granada, the last Muslin stronghold
What were Spain’s’ goals?
Who was Christopher columbus?
A Genoses (Italian) man who believed he could reach India by sailing west
What happened after the Reconquista?
The monarchs funding Christopher Columbus which three ships
What year did their Monarchs fund Christopher Columbus for his travels?
1492
What where the three Ships named that were given to Christopher Columbus for this travels?
When was the first landfall?
October 12, 1492
Where was the first Landfall?
Bahamas
Where did Christophers Columbus land after the Bahamas?
Hisponiola
What did Chrstiopher Columbus believe when he landed in Hispaniola?
That the Taino people were called “Indios” believing he was in East Indies
What was Christopher Columbus named?
Admiral of the Ocean Sea and Governor/Viceroy
How many more voyages did Christopher Columbus do after his first?
three
Christopher Columbus founded what?
Spain’s First New world settlement on Hispaniola
Who realized that the Americas was not Asia?
Amerigo Vespucci
Who was the Mapmaker that Labeled the landmass “America”?
Martin Waldseemuller
What happened in 1507?
Mapmaker Labeled the landmass “America”
What Probanzas de meritos?
They were Reports or letters from Spaniards to the crown
What were the Probanzas de meritos meant to do?
Win over royal Patronage
Why was the issue with Probanzas de meritos?
the letters were exaggerated, described gold, spices and “timid” natives
What did Probanzas de meritos tried to achieve?
To show explorers’ expectations of wealth and their belief that natives would be no real obstacle
What did Pope Sixtus IV grant?
Portugal land south of Cape Verde Islands, Portugal essentially claimed Columbus finds
What happened in 1493?
Alexander VI issued two decrees favoring Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas was issued in?
1494
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas entail?
Drew a north-south line Spain got territory west of it and Portugal got territory east of it
What region did Spain obtain in the Treaty of Tordillas?
West of the North-South line
What region did Portugal obtain in the Treaty of Tordesillas?
East of the North-South line
What is a Conquistador?
A Spanish Solider, explorer, and adventurer who took part in military conquest and colonization
When did Hernan Cortes arrive in Hispaniola?
1504
In what year did Hernan Cortes enter Tenochtitlan and took Moctezuma hostage?
1519
Why did the Aztecs drive out the Spanish?
they massacred Mexica nobles at a festival
How did Hernan Cortes manage to besieged the city and defeat the Tenochtitlan after being driven out?
allied with a native group to resented Aztecs
Who captured Inca Emperor Atahualpa?
Francisco Pizarro
When did did Francisco Pizarro Capture Emperor Atahualpa?
1532
When did Francisco Pizarro execute Emperor Atahulapa?
1533
Who was Lima founded by?
Francisco Pizarro
when was Francisco Pizarro Assassinated?
1541
who was Francisco Pizarro Assassinated by?
Spanish rival
What region did Hernando de Soto explore?
Southeastern US
What was Hernando de Soto looking for in his exploration>
Gold
What did Hernando de Soto cause?
Spread of disease
When did Hernando de Soto die?
1542
How many returned after the death of Hernando de Soto?
300 Survivors returned to Mexico city
What was Francisco Vasquez de Coronado searching for?
The golden city of Quivira in the Southwest
What war was Francisco Vasquez de Coronado a part of?
Tiguex War
What happened after Francisco Vasquez de Coronado found no gold?
He went bankrupted
What were the reason Hernan Cortes won?
Smallpox devastated Tenochtitlan
Who translated for Hernan Cortes?
A Nahua women, She was viewed as a traitor and a victim
What economic resource funded the flourishing of art and literature during the Siglo de Oro?
Gold and silver extracted from the Americas
Which ruling dynasty governed Spain during its Golden Age?
Hapsburgs
Before the 1500s what did the catholic Church and Europe held great power over?
Learning and Finances (taxes)
Who was the Shape of Catholicism?
Spain
What was the Protestant Reformation?
it split European Christianity into roman Catholicism
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk who challenged catholic churches practices
What were the Ninety-Five These, and when were they posted?
Criticisms of Church practices posted in Wittenberg in 1517
What did Matin Luther oppose?
Indulgences
What language did Luther want the Bible translated into?
Everyday language so ordinary people could read it
where did Lutheranism spread?
Northern Germany and Scandinavia
Who was John Calvin?
A French Lawyer who led the Reformation of Geneva
What is predestination?
The belief that God has already chosen who will be saved
What did Calvinism emphasize?
Human powerlessness before God and predestination
What was Calvin’s Bible commonwealth?
A community governed by scripture as its highest authority
Where did Calvinism spread?
The Netherlands and Scotland
Who translated the Bible into English in 1526?
William Tyndale
Why did Henry VIII break with the pope?
Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
What church did Henry VII establish, and when?
The church of England, in the 1530s, with himself as head
Who was Edward VI?
Henry VIII’s son by jane Seymour, he died in 1553 at age 15
Why was Mary called Bloody Mary?
She was Catholic and executed many Protestants
When did Elizabeth I rule?
1558 - 1603
what did Elizabeth restore?
The church of England
Who were the Puritans?
Protestants who wanted to remove remain Catholic practices from the church of England
Why did many Puritans leave for New England?
They felt pressure to conform under Charles I during the 1620s - 30s
What happened in the Dutch Republic in 1581?
Seven norther provines declared independence from spain
When did Spain recognize Dutch independance?
1648
What happened to the Spanish Armada in 1588?
English navel power and a storm helped destroy the Spanish fleet
Who sent the Spanish Armada, and why?
Philip II of Spain sent it to attack England and Holland
When did the undeclared Anglo Spanish War last?
1585 - 1604
What happened to England’s own armada in 1589?
It failed in its attempt against Spain
What happened to Spanish American empire after the Armanda?
Spain kept it, but could not prevent English, French, and Dutch colonization of smaller Caribbean Islands
What was the St. Bartholonew’s Day Massacre?
In 1572 French Catholics killed Protestant, claimed about 9000 lives
Why was Early English Colonization Limited?
Religious Turmoil, lack of money, and fear of Spanish invasion
Who was John Cabot?
An explorer Sailing for Henry VII
What did John Cabot do in 1497?
Reached North America’s Coast
What were privateers?
State-sanctioned raiders who attacked enemy ships and took their wealth
Who was Francis Drake?
An English Privateer who raided Spanish wealth