psych exam

Consciousness is best defined as

moment-to-moment subjective experiences

Raya lives in the US and has been driving a car with an automatic transmission for over ten years. She recently moved to Australia and bought a new car with a manual transmission. In addition, Australia drivers drive on the opposite side of the road. Given your knowledge about consciousness and behavior, you are likely to conclude that driving in general is a(n) ____ process, while driving in the new car and situation is a(n) _______ process.

automatic; controlled

After a car accident, John fell into a 10-year coma. While in the coma, John was able to track movement with his eyes and, on occasion, seemed to try to communicate. After waking from the coma, John was able to recall events that occurred during his illness. For example, he remembered that his niece got married. John had most probably been in a _______

minimally conscious state

Angie has undergone some significant brain surgery to reduce her out-of-control seizures. As a result of this surgery, she is able to walk, talk, and think at near-normal levels. She is, however, unable to report the name of an object shown to the left side of her visual field. Based on this information, it is likely that Angie's surgery involved ____________

severing of the corpus callosum

According to your book, the interpreter effect refers to __________

the propensity of the left hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense

After split-brain surgery, a picture of a chair is shown to the right hemisphere of a patient. When asked what she saw, the patient states that she saw _______, but when given a pencil in her left hand, she draws _________

nothing; a chair

According to the _________ model, states of consciousness should be a function of ____________

global workspace; which brain circuits are active

global workspace; which brain circuits are active

You have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes. What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter?

REM sleep

Linnea said that she had dreams about what she was going to wear and what pencil to bring to class. What type of sleep was she most likely in?

Non-REM

On the day before, Jenny studies for 8 hours from 3:00 pm to 11:00 pm. Assume that she then sleeps for 8 hours before waking up to go to her morning exam. Research suggests that her 8 hours of sleep will likely result in _______

consolidation of the information she learned

What is the common scientific explanation for why humans sleep at night instead of during the day?

The most danger exists at night when we cannot see well.

Sleep regulation appears to be, part, regulated by the secretion of ________ from the _________

melatonin; pineal gland

What is the best description of the activation synthesis view of dreaming?

Dreams result from random neural firing that is interpreted by the brain into narratives that we experience during sleep.

marijuana has been known to produce memory effects in long-time users. This is most likely due to the altering of a large percentage of _________ receptors in the ____________ of the brain.

cannabinoid; hippocampus

Which of the following relationships is correct regarding the primary neurotransmitter system activated by a given drug?
A - LSD-testosterone receptors
B - Cocaine-dopamine receptors
C - Opiates-acetylcholine receptors
D - MDMA-estrogenic receptors

B

Which of the following is a sedative drug?
A - Cocaine
B - MDMA
C - PCP
D - Propofol

D

Abuse of which of the following drugs has the greatest cost to society in terms of outcomes like long-term health effects, accident fatalities, and injuries sustained?
A - Marijuana
B - Methamphetamine
C - Opiates
D - Alcohol

D

According to the World Health Organization, data suggest that _______ are most likely to engage in binge and heavy drinking

men

Which of the following drugs tends to produce dysphoric (or dissociative) effects as opposed to euphoric effects?
A - Oxycodone
B - Marijuana
C - Caffeine
D - Ketamine

D

Most drugs of abuse seem to exert some effect on the release of dopamine in the _______

limbic system

If you trained a rate to fear a flashing light by paring the light with a painful electric shock, what would be your conditioned stimulus?

flashing light

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

something that elicits an unlearned response

The primary difference between learning and conditioning has to do with whether the learning is __________

based on association

What causes extinction?

The organism learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus

When slight differences in the form of conditioned stimuli still produce the same conditioned response, the learning phenomenon of _________ is occurring.

generalization

The ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as _________

stimulus discrimination

Behaviorism has helped psychologists gain an understanding of drug tolerance by showing that _______

cues in the environment predictive of the drugs can produce physiological reactions similar to actions of the drugs

The theory that animals are genetically programmed to fear particular things that threaten their survival is known as __________

biological preparedness

To which food would you be more likely to show conditioned taste aversion after becoming ill?

A novel food because it was unusual and those new characteristics of the food became paired with your becoming ill

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence.

The idea that the consequences of our actions determine the likelihood that we will perform those actions in the future underlies _________

the operant conditioning model

In what technique are successive approximations used?

shaping

Which behavioral term is used to describe something that will increase the likelihood of a behavior?

reinforcement

What event could be classified as a reinforcer?

Receiving a cookie after washing the dishes

Which of the following items would most likely be defined as a primary reinforcer?
A - a new set of china dishes
B - a bottle of water
C - a vacation
D - money

B

Getting $1 for every correct answer on this test would be a form of _________

positive reinforcement

Paying a $275 fine for driving too fast is an example of ________

positive punishment

Taking away a child's video games for bad behavior is a form of _______

negative punishment

Receiving a reduced jail sentence for good behavior is a form of ______

negative reinforcement

The term __________ is used to describe intermittent or occasional reinforcements

partial reinforcement

Gambling on a slot machine involves rewards on a ______ schedule

variable ratio

Getting paid monthly is what type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed interval

Ian, age 2, was watching his father hammer a nail. His father hit is own thumb and then used several expletives. As his father went into the house for a Band-Aid, Ian went over to the nail, picked up the hammer, pretended to hit his finger and repeated the expletives. This scenario exemplifies what kind of learning?

observational learning

Bandura's study of children's play habits with the 'Bobo' doll provided evidence that ________

aggressive behavior can be learned through observation

Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes. When Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke, what psychological term might be used to describe his behavior?

modeling

What is the primary difference between learning and memory?

Learning is relatively long-term, while memory may be short-term or long-term

In the computer analogy used to represent the information processing model of memory, which process is represented by the actions of the keyboard?

encoding

Memory for motor learning appears to be associated primarily with which brain region?

cerebelum

Assume that John has suffered a brain injury to the amygdala. What sort of memory would he have the most difficulty with?

Fear learning

The famous case study of patient H.M. involved a surgical procedure where parts of which brain structure were removed?

Medial temporal lobes

In the H.M. case, the primary damage to his memory took the form of ________

anterograde amnesia

Which neural process appears to be critically important to memory?

long-term potentiation

What is the term for auditory sensory memory?

echoic memory

The general duration for holding information in working memory without rehearsal is ________

20-30 seconds

According to Miller, the general capacity of working memory is ________

7 items (+/-2)

Assume that Shondra was presented with a long list of words. According to the serial position effect, she would remember which words best?

Those at the beginning and the end of the list

Assume that Ayesha, Gavin, and Alaya were presented with the same list of words. Ayesha was instructed to focus on what the words look like (visual encoding). Gavin was instructed to focus on how the words sounded (acoustic encoding). Alaya was instructed to focus on the meaning of each word (semantic encoding). Who would likely have the highest recall for the word list?

alaya

Stereotypes are an example of the cognitive structures called_______

schemas

Champions in memory contests often use a strategy to enhance memory by organizing information into meaningful units. This approach is referred to as _________

chunking

In the networks of association memory model, each unit of information is referred to as a ___________

node

Assume that Caden is taking an online course and does most of his studying in the basement. According to the encoding specificity model, he will likely perform best on his exams for the course if he takes them in __________

the same room where he studied

One thing that is tough for many of remembering to do things in the future. This type of situation is called __________ memory

prospective

The Method of Loci is an example of a/n __________

mnemonic

The system underlying unconscious memories is referred to as ________

implicit memory

in the H.M. case, it appears that he had particular trouble with __________ memory

episodic memory for new events

Assume that Jody has upcoming tests in both her psychology and anthropology classes. She studies psychology first, then anthropology, because the test are in that order. When she takes the psychology test, she has trouble remembering the content and keeps thinking of anthropology concepts. She has experienced ______-

retroactive interference

The tip of the tongue phenomenon is an example of which memory flaw?

blocking

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an example of which memory flaw?

persistence

Assume that Amber is writing a paper where she has been reading various texts on the subject for weeks. After turning in her paper, she is accused of plagiarism, because a large section of her paper seems copied directly from the source. Amber is confused because she truly thought this was her own interpretation. It seems that Amber has experienced ________

cryptomnesia

Which of the following statements is true regarding research findings on eyewitness testimony?
A - it has powerful effects on juries
B - it is often unreliable and lacking in accuracy
C - it is highly subject to confirmation bias and suggestibility
D - All of the above

D

The germinal stage of development encompasses the first ______ after conception

two weeks

At conception, the sperm and egg form to create a cell mass called a/n _______

zygote

The zygote attaches to the uterine wall around the _______ after conception

7th day

The development period from two weeks to two months after conception is referred to as the _________ stage

embryonic

The nervous system and bodily organs begin to form in the _______ stage of development

embryonic

The fetal stage of development occurs from _________

tow months after conception to birth

Assume that Missy has an ultrasound because she wants to know the sex of her unborn child. This procedure is most likely to occur during the ______ stage of development

fetal

The fetus typically reaches the age of viability at around _______ weeks after conception

22

which statement is most correct concerning research on alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
A - moderate drinking is safe, but binge drinking may harm the prenatal development
B - Even small amounts of alcohol may be harmful in prenatal development
C - unless combined with other drugs, it is safe to drink during pregnancy
D - drinking beer or wine, but not hard liquor is safe during pregnancy

B

Which of the following appear to be innate reflexes in the developing infant?
A - sucking
B - rooting
C - grasping
D - all of the above

D

The center-outward trajectory of typical growth and motor development is called the _________

proximodistal trend

Which of the following statements is true regarding development norms for moto behaviors?
A - they are rigid, and children who are not at the norms should be evaluated immediately for disorders
B - children vary widely around the norms due to both biological and environmental factors
C - they are less rigid that developmental norms for cognition or morality
D - They are important predictors of adult intelligence and success in life

B

The strong emotional bonds between human infants and their caregivers is referred to as __________

attachment

Children who are playful and sociable in the presence of their caregiver, but show distress at the absence of their caregiver are displaying ______ attachment

secure

Which sense develops the most slowly after birth?

vision

Infantile amnesia is most prominent in the first _______ of life

3 to 4 years

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, assimilation is the process of _______

placing new information into existing schemes

In Piaget's theory, the period from 2 to 7 years of age is referred to as the _______ stage

preoperational

In Piaget's theory, egocentrism is most prominent in the ________ stage

preoperational

One defining feature of the preoperational stage of development is exhibiting problems with _____ tasks

conservation

In Piaget's theory, critical thinking develops in the ______ stage

formal operational

Which of the following tests is used in assessing moral development in Kohlberg's theory?
A - Conservation test
B - Critical thinking test
C - Strange situation test
D - Defining issues test

D

In Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, children focus on ______

self-interest and event outcomes

In which of Kohlberg's stages would the value of life be considered more important than following societal rules?

postconventional