The American Pageant 15th Edition Chapter 25 Key Terms and People to Know

New Immigrants

immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them; these new immigrants congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate

settlement houses

mostly run by middle-class native-born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States; many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in the settlement houses; Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent

liberal Protestants

members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe the Bible represented scientific or historic truth; many Liberal Protestants became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era

Tuskegee Institute

a normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama; it focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence; Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accomodationist"

land-grant colleges

colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887; these grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century and many of today's public universities derive from these grants

pragmatism

a distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems; the pragmatists thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge; among the most well-known purveyors of pragmatism were John Dewey, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and William James

yellow journalism

a scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal; the expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

an organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women; NAWSA argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process; during World War I, NAWSA supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, the WCTU went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women

realism

mid-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its unvarnished detail; adherents eschewed the idealism and nostalgia of the earlier romantic sensibility

naturalism

an offshoot of mainstream realism, this late-nineteenth-century literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate hereditary and extreme or sordid social environments

regionalism

a recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or "local color," of America's various regions in the face of modernization and nation standardization

City Beautiful movement

a turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation's new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings

World's Columbian Exposition

(1893) held in Chicago, Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe; the Fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini-city in which to host the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time; for many, this was the high point of the "City Beautiful" movement

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes; first women to earn the Noble Peace Prize

Charles Darwin

English Naturalists who wrote the Origin of the Species in 1859. His theory stated that in nature the strongest of a species survive, the weaker animals died out leaving only the stronger of the species--through this process of natural selection the entire species improved

Booker T. Washington

prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society; was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881; avoided the issue of social equality; was fine with segregation

W. E. B. Du Bois

black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Joseph Pulitzer

owner of the New York World newspaper/ Leader in Yellow Journalism; used colored comics featuring yellow kid--gave name yellow journalism to his sheets; made the situation in Cuba seem worse than it actually was

William Randolph Hearst

American journalist; he was famous for sensational news stories known as yellow journalism that stirred feelings of nationalism; formed public opinion for the Spanish - American War

John Dewey

was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. He, along with Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophical school of Pragmatism

Carrie Chapman Catt

spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter; became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspired speaker and a brilliant organizer; devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage

Horatio Alger

popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote that virtue, honesty and industry would be rewarded with success, wealth and honor

Mark Twain

satirist and author of southern literature (Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer); was also a cultural critic who came up with the nickname "the Gilded Age"

Henry James

a pseudo-realist, he was an author who wrote books about the rich and expatriates

Winslow Homer

broke the Old World traditions in art, and was vigorously American in his paintings of New England maritime life and other native subjects.

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

one of the best-known sculptors of the period, he was known for his large and robust compositions

Frederick Law Olmsted

designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement