Colossus' Set Hist 180 - Exam 2 - Study Guide

Poor White Trash

Low‑income white people in the South.

Plantation Slavery

Enslaved labor on large commercial farms.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Unsuccessful slave revolt led by Nat Turner.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist editor of The Liberator.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and major abolitionist leader.

Harriet Tubman

Underground Railroad conductor.

Sojourner Truth

Former slave who spoke publicly against slavery.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in U.S. westward expansion.

California Mission Trail

Chain of missions along the California coast.

The Alamo

Key battle site in the Mexican‑American War.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed ban on slavery in Mexican‑Cession lands.

Compromise of 1850

Five‑part deal including CA as a free state and a stricter Fugitive Slave Law.

Stephen A. Douglas

Illinois senator who supported popular sovereignty.

Kansas‑Nebraska Act

Allowed settlers to vote on slavery; repealed Missouri Compromise.

Dred Scott Decision

Ruled African Americans weren't citizens; Congress couldn't ban slavery.

John Brown

Violent abolitionist who led the Harpers Ferry raid.

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to blockade and split the Confederacy.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 order freeing slaves in Confederate areas.

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished slavery nationwide.

Clara Barton

Civil War nurse; founded the American Red Cross.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general and later U.S. president.

Ford's Theater

Site of Lincoln's assassination.

Radical Republicans

Wanted strong Reconstruction and full rights for freedpeople.

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency aiding freedpeople with food, housing, and education.

14th & 15th Amendments

Citizenship/equal protection (14th) and voting rights (15th).

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction by removing federal troops.

New South

Push for Southern industrialization after Reconstruction.

James B. Duke

Industrialist who transformed tobacco manufacturing.

Sharecropping

Farming system trapping workers in debt.

Crop‑Lien System

Credit system using future crops as collateral.

Bourbon Redeemers

Democrats restoring white supremacy post‑Reconstruction.

Jim Crow

Segregation laws in the South.

Civil Rights Cases

Struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Upheld "separate but equal."

Booker T. Washington

Advocated vocational training and economic progress.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Demanded full civil and political equality.

Indian Resistance

Native efforts to defend land from U.S. expansion.

Range Wars

Western conflicts over land and grazing rights.

Homestead Act

Gave settlers 160 acres for improving land.

Newlands Act

Funded irrigation projects in the West.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone.

Thomas Edison

Inventor of the light bulb and phonograph.

Vertical Integration

Controlling all production stages.

Horizontal Integration

Buying competitors to dominate an industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil founder; used horizontal integration.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel magnate using vertical and horizontal integration.

Social Darwinism

"Survival of the fittest" ideology applied to society.

Sand Lot Incident

1877 anti‑Chinese riot in San Francisco.

Knights of Labor

Union for all workers seeking better conditions.

Haymarket Incident

1886 bombing at a labor rally in Chicago.

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the American Federation of Labor.

Homestead & Pullman Strikes

Major labor conflicts showing worker‑business tensions.

Eugene V. Debs

Labor leader and socialist; led Pullman Strike.

Daniel DeLeon

Socialist theorist promoting industrial unionism.

IWW

Radical union seeking "one big union."

Urbanization

Rapid city growth due to industry and immigration.

Ellis Island

Main U.S. immigration station.

Padrones

Labor brokers controlling immigrant workers.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 ban on Chinese immigration.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Gave land to states to fund agricultural colleges.

National League

First lasting pro baseball league (1876).

Jane Addams

Progressive reformer; founded Hull House.

Women's Suffrage

Movement for women's voting rights; 19th Amendment.

Stalwarts & Halfbreeds

Republican factions over patronage vs. reform.

Civil Service Reform

Merit‑based hiring; led to the Pendleton Act.

Money Question

Debate over gold vs. silver currency.

The Grange

Farmers' group fighting railroad abuses.

Populist Party

Farmers/laborers pushing silver coinage and reforms.

William Jennings Bryan

Free‑silver advocate; "Cross of Gold" speech.

Samoa & Hawaii

Pacific territories brought under U.S. control.

Alfred Mahan

Naval strategist promoting sea power.

Spanish‑American War

1898 U.S. victory gaining overseas territories.

Filipino Insurrection

Filipino resistance to U.S. rule (1899-1902).

Open Door Notes

Called for equal trade in China.

Panama Canal

U.S.‑built canal linking Atlantic and Pacific.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. claim to intervene in Latin America.

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing corruption and abuses.

The Jungle

Novel exposing meatpacking horrors.

Gifford Pinchot

First Forest Service chief; conservation advocate.

Trustbusting

Breaking up monopolies under Roosevelt/Taft.

William Howard Taft

27th president; continued antitrust work.

16th & 17th Amendments

Income tax (16th) and direct election of senators (17th).

Woodrow Wilson

Progressive president; led U.S. in WWI.

Federal Reserve Act

Created the Federal Reserve System.

The Great War

World War I (1914-1918).