TEAS Exam Science Portion 🍀

full body anatomy

anatomical planes

frontal/coronal: front and back division

transverse/cross sectional: top and bottom division

sagittal/median: left and right division

anatomy of respiratory system

respiratory system vocab:

pharynx: throat

alveoli: tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange oxygen and co2. thin walls

mediastinum: where heart is between 2 lungs.

pleura: double membrane protective for each lung.

purpose: exchanges gases between blood and air

right lung bigger, left lung smaller

heart anatomy

heart anatomy vocab:

cardiovascular/circulatory system: moves blood around body for nutrient distribution, hormones and waste removal.

4 chambers: upper 2 chamber-atria. lower 2 thicker chamber- ventricles

lymphatic system: circulates and filters interstitial fluid and drains into circulatory system

closed double looped system: pulmonary group carries deoxy blood from right and turns to oxyblood for left. systemic loop carries oxyblood from left and turns to deoxyblood for right.

systole: contraction of heart muscles

diastole: relaxed heart muscles

blood plasma has proteins

rbc have hemoglobin to transport oxygen

blood cycle

right ventricle pumps blood towards lung

left atrium accepts blood from lungs

right atrium accepts blood from body

left ventricle pumps blood to body

veins carry blood to heart

arteries carry oxyblood away from heart to body

digestive system vocab

lipase: pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fat

bolus: mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed

duodenum: first part of small intestine

peristalsis: contraction of muscle moving bolus to stomach

pepsin: enzyme that helps digest protein

insulin: hormone that induces uptake of glucose

glucagon: hormone that stimulates breakdown of glycogen (sugar)

microvilli: absorbs nutrients in small intestine

anatomy of digestive system

neuron

axon-carries nerve impulse away from cell body

dendrites- nerve fiber that carries impulse away from neuron

synapse- structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles or glands

nervous system

cns- brain and spinal cord, central command for communication & action. regulates body system. sensory/afferent neurons send messages to brain gathered from the 5 senses.

pns- all nerves that reach out to body. signals from brain sent to body.

-motor/efferent neurons- send messages to muscles from brain that can be divided to the ans and sns.

-autonomic nervous system- part of pns, regulates unconscious body functions (ex. breathing)

-sns- part of pns that controls skeletal muscle function

muscle tissue

skeletal- often attaches to bone, only voluntary muscle, striated. attached by tendons, connect to cns.

cardiac- striated, found in heart, involuntary

smooth- found in walls of hollow organs, stomach, eyes, skin etc. weakest muscle, “involuntary” bc its controlled by unconscious part of brain

muscle structure

muscles move by contraction. skeletal muscle tendons have strong collagen fibers

muscles contain long myofibrils (cause contraction) made of sarcomere units, consisting of actin filaments (thin) and myosin filaments (thick)

reproductive system

vas deferens- tube in which sperm go from testicle to urethra

testes are primary male reproductive organ

zygote- if an egg is fertilized by sperm. happens in fallopian tubes

endocrine and reproductive system

puberty caused by hormone from hypothalamus triggers FSH (estrogen) and LH (testosterone) from pituitary gland (endocrine gland)

integumentary system

-largest organ, skin

-skin is divided into epidermis(outermost. has melanocytes for melanin), dermis (middle layer which has collagen, blood vessels, glands, nerve endings etc.) subcutaneous/hyperdermis (inner layer).

-provided protection, excretion (sweat) and homeostasis (sweat, dilated blood vessels when cold)

endocrine system

organs secrete hormones into circulatory system (thru blood)

pancreas, ovaries and testes are organs that contains endocrine tissue and produce hormones

hypothalamus Is part of the brain involved with endocrine system, it controls pituitary gland. all starts from here

epinephrine is released in times of stress

can cause gigantism, hyperthyroidism and diabetes

maintains homeostasis b by constant concentration of glucose in blood by help of insulin and glucagon

endocrine system glands

pineal gland in middle of brain secretes melatonin

thyroid gland- for growth and metabolism

parathyroid- for parathyroid hormone. adh produced by this gland helps maintain correct amount of water in blood

adrenal-kidney

thymus- lymphoid organ

urinary system

cortex- outer layer where blood vessels are. produces erythropoietin to stimulate rbc

medulla-where urine is regulated.

kidneys have a renal artery: oxygen blood enters, deoxyblood leaves. good stuff is filtered back in. bad stuff goes out w pee (nitrogen).

maintains homeostasis by getting rid of of waste

helps maintain bp and produce renin to regulate bp.

nephron

nephrone- tube in kidney to help filter waste

goes from capillary to glomerulus . filtrate is filtered and then goes thru proximal tubule

immune system

innate defense- nonspecific response to pathogen. 3 lines: skin, mucus, secretions then- phagocytes, specific proteins inflammatory, then- adaptive immune system (b and T cells fight, and might retain a memory)

adaptive defense- specific response to pathogen

innate immune system vs adaptive immune system

Innate immunity provides an immediate, non-specific first line of defense, while adaptive immunity creates a slower, highly targeted, and long-lasting response with memory

histamines- released from inflammatory response ( blood flow)

plasma cells produce antibodies

passive immunity- temporary immunity

active immunity- protection against specific pathogen, resulting from production of antigens

skeletal system

for movement, protection, and storage of minerals/fat

bones synthesize blood and immune cells.

long (femur) , short (ankle) , flat (rib) and irregular (hip)

long bone: has yellow marrow and red marrow at the ends

bones meet at joints. bones are attatched thru ligaments

hyaline cartilage prevents them from grinding against each other.

bone composition

synthesized in osteons

osteoclasts (break down bone minerals) and osteoblasts (replace cartilage) bone cells

skeletal muscles attach to bone,

biological hierarchy

mitosis vs meiosis

mitosis- cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with same chromosome number as parent cell.

meiosis- specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms (reproduction)

cell structure

cell function

structure and function of genetic material

dna- macromolecule that contains genes and coded instructions to produce proteins AT CG

rna- messenger carrying instructions from dna for controlling protein synthesis mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. AU CG

genes- made up of dna, length of DNA that contains instructions to make a protein. humans have around 25k. functional unit of hereditary.

chromosomes- genetic info. humans have 46

protein synthesis

transcription- synthesis of RNA from DNA

translation- protein synthesis takes place after mRNA exits nucleus and binds to ribosome

inheritance

mendels law- some traits r more likely to be passed down than others, law of dominance law of segregation- the way offspring have an equal chance of inheriting either allele. Also has law of independent assortment

allele- specific copy of gene expressed as phenotype

genotype- combo of 2 alleles

homozygous-2 same alleles

heterozygous- 2 diff alleles

determine phenotype aka expression of genes for that trait

macromolecules

a large polymer- chemical compound formed when covalent bonds link monomers in long repetitive chains

covalent bonds formed from dehydration/condensation synthesis. can be broken by hydrolysis (too much water)

macromolecules are: carbs lipids oroteins and nucleic acids

carbohydrates

sugars/starch, simple sugars aka monosaccharides

polysaccharides are multiple carbon monosaccharides

lipids

structural, store energy and hormone macromolecules. linear arrangement of carbon atoms called fatty acid chains, attached to glycerol molecule and is hydrophobic

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids.

proteins

long chain of amino acids. bonded by peptide bond.

nucleic acid

polymers made of linked nucleotides that contain hydrogen, carbon oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

have 3 components: nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate group

DNA and RNA

sequence is important

microorganisms in disease

viruses- noncellular entities (made of dna or rna) surrounded by protein coat.

bacteria- unicellular organisms

fungi- mushrooms mold and yeast, eukaryotic (have nucleus)

protozoa- unicellular eukaryote

helminths- parasitic worm

6 diff light microscopes, electron microscopes replace light with electrons for visualization, must be contained in vacuum

atomic structure

isotope- atoms of same element with same protons and electrons, just diff neutrons

atomic mass= protons + neutrons

ions- atoms with positive or negative charge

cation- positive anion-negative

valence electron=8 electrons, will do whatever’s easiest

physical properties of matter

mass- # of molecules

volume- space taken up by mass

density- ratio of mass to volume

kinetic molecular theory- molecules that make up all matter are always in motion and the temp of a substance = average kinetic energy of molecule

phase depends on temp and pressure

solid matter- definite volume and shape

liquid- definite volume no definite shape

gas- no definite volume or shape

sublimation- solid to gas (never liquid)

chemical reactions

ionic bonds can only form when the elements involved have a large difference in electro negativity

covalent bonds require the shading of electrons to occur between two nonmetals; no sufficient difference in electro negativity.

reactants→ products

chemical equations must have the same numbers of each element on both sides.

coefficients r moles

how conditions effect chemical reactions

catalysts can change speed of reaction by lowering activation energy. mostly proteins called enzymes

when an endothermic reaction (heat required) experiences a temp rise, the reaction will increase. exothermic( heat released) will decrease under those conditions.

increasing pressure can also increase reaction rate.

equilibrium- both reactants and products are present and concentrations no longer change.

le chateliers principle states a chemical reaction at equilibrium that is perturbed will respond by restoring equilibrium

properties of solutions

cohesion- measure or how well similar molecules group together, creates surface tension

adhesives- how well different particles cling

water is universal solvent (dissolves most things)

the overall phase of the solution is the same phase as the solvent

saturated solute- solution contains maximum possible amount of solute

supersaturated solution- solution temp raised to dissolve more solute

dilution: adding a solvent

diffusion- movement of any substance from areas of high concentration to area of low concentration

osmosis-diffusion referring to water loving from high area of concentration to low area of concentration

active transport- movement across cell membrane that travels against… requires energy

acids and bases

acid is less than 7, produces hydrogen ions

base is more than 7

buffer can resist change in lab by neutralizing acid or base

buffer system in human blood is maintained by carbonic acid and bicarbonate

H first = acid. not h first = base