AP Human Geography Unit 1

Based on the first OKABATI - don't know if we need to know all of this

diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

Stimulus Diffusion

a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.

Hierarchical Diffusion

A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.

relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

Contagious Diffusion

The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.

region

an area defined by one or more natural or cultural characteristics that set it apart from other areas

formal region

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

perceptual region (vernacular region)

a region defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data

core

part of a region where the characteristics of the region are the most prominent

domain

part of a region where most people have some characteristics of the region

sphere

area of a region with some influence, but don't consider themselves part of the region

regionalism model

the model of the Earth where the Earth is divided into regions

Schismogenesis

the theory of a person/group being defined by what they are not

costly honest signaling

the act of doing something (or not doing something), and it ending up costly

Uniform Landscape

The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to another.

sense of place

The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

no place

places that nobody has much attachment to

absolute location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

relative location

The position of a place in relation to another place

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

Latitude

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

polar regions

Cold convection region from 60 degrees latitude to the pole

Temperate Regions

Regions of the globe with mild weather conditions; between the tropical and arctic regions

Tropical Regions

The hot and humid areas of earth around the equator

Scale of Analysis

size of the area being analyzed

map projections

a number of mathematical methods that cartographers use to produce a flat map of the round earth

Reference Maps

show locations of places and geographic features

technology

anything humans create to help meet needs and functions

thematic maps

Maps that show the distribution, flow, or connection of one or more characteristics

aggregation

how data is grouped

Choropleth Map

a map that uses differences in shading or coloring to show data

dot distribution

Type of map that uses dots to represent data

proportional symbol

a map in which the size of a symbol changes in proportion to the frequency or intensity of the data

isoline

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

Cartogram

A special kind of map that distorts the shapes to show data

location

The position of anything on Earth's surface.

space

the physical gap or interval between two objects

place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

friction of distance

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places.

distance decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

time-space compression

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

barrier

anything that might inhibit or stop diffusion

facilitator

anything that enables or speeds up diffusion

networks

sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other

centralized networks

a type of network where everything routes through one main node or hub

decentralized network

a type of network where control is split among a few regional nodes or hubs, but all nodes are connected to each other

Distributed Networks

a type of network where equal links are spread acorss nodes with no single control system

Gravity Model of Interaction

a mathematical model designed to predict the volume of interaction between a pair of places, (P₁ × P₂)/D²

S-Curve

a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S"

scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

HDI (Human Development Index)

a measure of a country's standard of living, including health and education

Gini Coefficient

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

Per Capita GDP

GDP divided by the total population

Mean Age

The mathematical average age of all the members of a population.

Urbanization Rate

The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities

Spatial Concepts

a cognitive ability involving an understanding of how objects and people occupy, move in, and use space, include absolute and relative location, space, place, flows, distance decay, time-space compression, time-zones and pattern.

model

a simplified representation of something real

cylindrical projection

a map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the globe onto a cylinder

conic projection

a map created by projecting an image of Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model

planar (azimuthal) projection

land projected on flat paper, more distorted at edges, center can by any point, used by pilots, basic

equal area projection

shows the size of regions in correct relation to one another but distorts shape, almost an altered Robinson

Mercator Projection

a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.

Gall-Peters Projection

equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out)

Robinson Projection

distorts shape, area, scale, and distance in an attempt to balance the errors of projection properties

map

A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.

environmental determinism

environment shapes human culture and actions

Environmental Possibilism

Humans adapt and modify their environment using technology