Sustainable Cities Midterm

What’s the difference between Exogenous and endogenous what are some examples

Endogenous are problems that come from within: vulnerable infrastructure, socio-demographic changes, urban environmental quality

Exogenous are problems that come from outside: Climate change, resource constraints, extreme events, immigration, financial uncertainty

Who is Jane Jacobs and what does she argue for the sustainable future?

Jane Jacobs in an influential urbanist who argues for community-based planning opposed car-centric development. She argued for mixed-use neighborhoods, walkability, and preserving local culture.

define and provide examples of mitigation and adaptation

Mitigation is the process of diluting the effects of something to preventing the issue from growing,

where as adaptation is the process of adjusting to the effects such as rebuilding in a burned area.

explain the difference between sustainability and resilience

Resilience is efforts such as planning to deal with pressures or threats such as mitigation strategies and adaptation.

Sustainability is mitigating pressures and threats on resources to continue to provide for future generations.

What is the trend in urbanization?

and increase of 66% by 2050, as populations are increasing because people have been moving into small cities, since the 1950s.

what are the 3 aspects urban sustainability (Sachs)

Urban productivity: infrastructure that provides accessible work for people

social inclusion: social mobility and equality of opportunity

environmental sustainability: resource consumption, pollution, and the needed for cities to mitigate damage and plan for adaptation.

what is the criteria for a good governance system

Good governance requires officials to be open, transparent, and accountable, should be tailored to the specific place and issues at hand, and should be able to develop partnerships at all levels of the spatial scale.

what are the slums?

one or a group of individuals living under the same roof un an urban area, lacking in one or more of the following five amenities

Durable housing, sufficient living area, access to improved water, access to improved sanitation facilities, secure tenture

How can we use the land more sustainably, what are better ways to manage the land? ( reader)

We design areas that are more:

relatively high in density, have mixed uses, are well connected, and contiguous.

what is tactical urbanism, how is it used today?

A citizen led municipal approach that uses short term and low cost interventions to test public space improvements, meant to inspire long term changes. examples of this would be event parking or pop up bike lines.

participatory budgeting

A democratic process where community members directly decide how t spend a portion of a public budget.

what is poverty, what is inequality, how do they differ?

Poverty is a condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources for a disc standard of living.

Inequality is the unfair state where resources opportunities, rights and etc are not shared/ treated equally.

these differ be cause one is denim denied access because of their identify, versus their ability to pay.

what are the conditions that allow some countries to get wealthy, while others are poorer?

Conditions that create extreme poverty:

poor basic investments to create growth,

bad economic policies,

Insolvent government,

bad physical conditions,

poor governance,

cultural practices,

geopolitics

what are the causes and effects of inequality in many cities( David planet of the slums)

The rich are segregated and the city is often designed to recreate colonial inequalities and as these cities develop, people are displaced due to progress and infrastructure. ( think Nairobi)

what concepts of environmental justice and reparations relate to poverty (planet of the slums)

Environmental Justice issues such as redlining in slum neighborhoods are normally linked to minority groups, keeping these group concentrated in these neighborhoods due to systematic racism.

Reparations: addressing the violent history towards minorities

How is affordable housing defined?

its based on 30% of the median family income and is pro video through a variety of programs to get families housing cost down

what are the types of affordable housing in the US?

Public housing: owned and operated by Gov

Section 8 housing: vouchers that can be used to lower the cost of rent

Low income tax credit apartments: cheaper than makers rent value, but similar to what you’d find in a community, providers are required to charge reduced rent prices.

Causes of growing demand for affording housing

• Baby boomers are living longer and more alone

• Foreclosure crisis delayed home ownership for a generation

• Policy favors homeowners over renters

• Rising cost of construction materials

What role does redlining/institutional racism play in housing issues

Redlining plays a role by preventing black people and other minorities from getting housing loans, due to the institutionalized infrastructure that was built to keep these dynamics in place.

Property values in majority Black and Latino neighborhoods are often lower, and harder to sell, leaving these areas un renovated, ignored, and considered dangerous.

What are the 3 S’s of Phillips housing approach? explain them

Supply-Sufficient supply stabilizes prices, giving market power to renters/buyers (instead of landlords).

Stability-Tenant Protections, Can take the form of rent control/stabilization, eviction protection, and permanent affordability covenants.

Subsidy-Some people will never be able to afford market rate housing; government funds are needed to subsidize new construction and rental assistance.

What are the different approaches to affordable housing in Chile Singapore and Hong Kong?

Singapore: residents are required to save ( central provident fund), so they can use their retirement funds to pay for housing, and have the option to sell after 5 years

Chile: affordable homes that allow residents to complete the other half of the house designing in a way that wants and improving the quality to sell it for more later.

Hong kong: they have divided living spaces in one big room or house called cage homes, this allows residents to have a small living space to themselves.

discuss the transition between planning for automobiles to planning for humans and the benefits of public space ( human dimension)

In the reading, the author states that by improving the city and making it more people oriented ( walking, biking, Events), it will allow groups to connect and reduce the separation in society.

what is social infrastructure, and what’s its relationship to social capital/cohesion ( palaces for the people)

Social infrastructure is the physical conditions that allows the development of social capital

Social capital/cohesion: peoples relationships, interpersonal networks (develops through social interaction)

why are libraries an example of public space compared to cafes and other private public spaces?

Libraries are public because they don’t have pay walls and restrictions to use its facilities, while cafes require you to buy something.

what are the 10 place making guidelines

1. Improve streets as public spaces

2. squares and park destinations

3. build economies through markets

4. buildings to support places

5. link public health and public space

6. community planning

7. rule of 10 ( develop critical mass)

8. comprehensive public space agenda

9. small tactical urbanism experiments

10. restructure government focus to public spaces