chemical/functional groups

hydroxyl

polar due to electronegative oxygen ; forms hydrogen bonds w/ water

carbonyl

sugars with ketone groups are called ketose ; those with aldehydes are called aldoses

carboxyl

acts as an acid

sulfhydryl

two -SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure

methyl

affects the expression of genes. affects the shape and function of sex hormones

amino

acts as a base

phosphate

contributes negative charge. when attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react w/ water, releasing energy