AP psychology unit 2: social psychology

the scientific study of how our thoughts feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by the groups we belong to

social psychology

two or more people who share common norms/ideology

group

a society’s understood rules for accepted and expected behavior; proper behavior in various situations

norms

the set of ideas or principles for which a group stands

ideology

a place with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms

tight culture

a place with flexible and informal norms

loose culture

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

normative social influence

who conducted the leadership style experiment?

kurt lewin

who conducted the conformity experiment?

solomon asch

who conducted the obedience to authority experiment?

stanley milgram

who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

philip zimbardo

change in behavior brought about by social pressure to comply with people perceive to be authority figures

obedience

what was the independent variable in milgram’s obedience experiment?

the authority figure

what was the dependent variable in milgram’s obedience experiment?

obedience

what percentage of participants in milgram’s obedience experiment went all the way to 450 volts?

65% (26 and

what did milgram use to measure the behavior of obedience?

the shock machine

kind of leadership style; leader makes all the decisions and assigns tasks to group members

authoritarian

kind of leadership style; leader is only minimally involved in group decision making

laissez-faire

kind of leadership style; leader encourages group members to come to decisions through consensus

democratic

according to Kurt lewin’s leadership experiment, which leadership style is the best?

democratic

in lewin’s leadership style experiment, what was the independent variable?

leadership style

in lewin’s leadership style experiment, what was the dependent variable?

productivity

acting in accord with group norms or customs

conformity

approximately what percentage of participants conformed at least once during Solomon asch’s experiment?

70%

in asch’s conformity experiment, what was the independent variable?

the group

in asch’s conformity experiment, what as the dependent variable?

conformity

A cognitive bias that causes one’s perception of another to be unduly influenced by a single positive trait, such as being attractive

the halo effect

a cognitive bias that causes one’s perception of another to be unduly influenced by a single negative trait

the horn effect

set of assumptions about a group of people, either positive or negative, based on half-truths and non-truths

stereotype

preconceived attitude towards a person or group that has been formed without sufficient evidence and is not easily changed

prejudice

the unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their group, ethnicity, age, gender, or religion

discrimination

the belief that one’s ethnicity is superior to others

ethnocentrism

the legal social, economic, and political oppression of an ethnic group

racism

a person fears doing something that could confirm a negative stereotype about an individual’s group

stereotype threat

a person’s performance improves because of positive steroetypes about the group to which they belong

stereotype boost

name the stanford university professor whose research led to the concept of stereotype threat

claude steele

normal psychological stress; beneficial stress

eustress

extreme anxiety that impairs performance; bad stress

distress

tendency to attribute one’s own behavior to situational causes but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional causes

actor-observer bias

an inclination to over attribute others’ behavior to internal causes and to discount situational factors

fundamental attribution error

tendency to view one’s successes as stemming from internal factors and one’s failures as stemming from external factors

self-serving bias

someone who tends to see positive events as being internal, stable, and global is said to have what kind of explanatory style?

optimistic explanatory style

someone who tends to see negative events as being internal, stable, and global is said to have what kind of explanatory style?

pessimistic explanatory style

unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems

catastrophic thinking

beleif that bad things happen to bad people

just world hypothesis/bias

a bias or error in attributing the cause for some event such that a perceived threat to oneself is minimized. “it could never happen to me.”

defensive attribution

tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them is called what?

the false consensus effect

social psychology evolved from which other psychological approach?

gestalt psychology

which historical event inspired much of the early research into social psychology?

world war II

name the lane tech alum who became a nazi spy and was executed for treason

herbert hans haupt

who conducted the robbers cave study?

muzafer sherif

unshelfishly helping others for reasons other than rewards

altruism

people tend to think that if someone does something nice for them, they ought to do something nice in return

norms of reciprocity

helping others relieves our own state ofemotional distress

negative state relief theory

name of woman who was brutally murdered; although people heard her screams for help, nobody did anything

kitty genovese

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other rbystanders are present

bystander effect

tendency of a person to be less likely to give aid if other people are present; causes the bystander effect

diffusion of responsibility

people seem to decde what constitutes appropriate behavior by looking to others; will either help or not help based on other people’s behavior

pluralistic ignorance

unpleasant psychological tension that arises when a person experiences contradictory thoughts or beliefs

cognitive dissonance

the more is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it

the mere exposure effect

method of gaining compliance by getting a person to agree to a relatively minor request first

foot-in-the-door technique

method of gaining compliance by first making an outrageous request and then replying to the refusal with a more reasonable request

door-in-the-face technique

asking your parents for a 2 am curfew when you really want a midnight curfew may require you using what persuasion technique?

door-in-the-face technique

persuasive technique involving the deep processing of the content and facts of a persuasive message

the central route to persuasion

attempting to persuade somebody through the use of expert opinion, emotion, and an attractive communicator

the peripheral route to persuasion

donald trump constantly stating that he is an expert and surrounding himself with attractive women is an example of someone using what persuasion technique?

the peripheral route to persuasion

what word refers to a set of emotions, feelings, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, or event?

attitude

name the researcher who conducted an experiment to study the relationship between attitudes and behaviors towards Asian Americans in the 1930s

richard lapiere

an increase in performance in front of a crowd

social facilitation

a decrease in performance in front of a crowd

social inhibition/social impairment

tendency for people to work less hard when sharing the workload than when they are working alone

social loafing

bill is assigned to be part of a group project but doesn’t do any work. this is an example of what?

social loafing

kind of culture in which people put their own needs ahead of the needs of the group

individualistic

kind of culture in which a person puts the needs of the group first, before they satisfy their individual needs

collectivist

which country ranks as the most individualistic?

the United States of America