Allied Exam 2

health

physical, mental, and social well being not merely absence of disease

disease

an abnormality in body function that threatens health

etiology

study of the factors that cause disease

idiopathic

refers to a disease with an unknown cause

signs

objective (temperature, rash, BP, pulse)

symptoms

subjective (headache, pain, blurred vision, nausea)

pathogenesis

pattern of a disease development

epidemiology

study of occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human population

endemic

disease are native to a local region

epidemic

occur when a disease affects many people at the same time

pandemic

a wide spread global epidemic (discovering the cause is difficult because many factors affect disease transmission)

John snow

most people thought that cholera was carried in the air through miasma but John Snow (epidemiologist) proved cholera was waterborne by mapping the location of each death and revealed a tight cluster around a public water pump

Florence Nightingale

nurse at hospital on top of a cesspool with rotting organic waste, got soldiers to scrub the floor to disinfect (reduced death by disease rate by 2/3)

pathophysiology

the study of underlying physiological aspects of disease

infectious mechanisms

pathogenic organisms and particles

neoplastic mechanisms

tumors and cancer

traumatic mechanisms

physical and chemical agents

metabolic mechanisms

endocrine imbalances, malnutrition

inflammatory mechanisms

autoimmunity, inflammation, degeneration

mechanism of transmission

person to person contact, prevented by education and aseptic techniques

environmental contact

can be prevented by avoiding contact and safe sanitation practices

genetic risk factors

if your pale, more susceptible to sunburn which leads to skin cancer

age risk factors

older people more likely to get arthritis or fractures

lifestyle risk factors

work in the sun, more likely to develop melanoma

stress risk factors

depression, heart disease

environmental risk factors

pollution leads to lung issues

viruses

SMALLEST PATHOGEN, microscopic, intracellular parasites that consist of a nucleic acid core with a protein coat (classified by shape, nucleic acid type, method of reproduction) (invade host cells and pirate organelles)

examples of viruses

flu, covid, RSV, HIV

HIV

attaches CD4 cells so body can’t fight off infections, transmitted by sexual contact and sharing needles (first case in US in1981)

normal CD4 amount

500-1600 cells

too low CD4 amount

less than 200 cells (leads to AIDS)

viral load

amount of HIV present in blood sample

prions

pathogenic protein molecules that convert normal proteins to abnormal proteins, causing abnormal functions that produce disease (can be passed by offspring)

mad cow disease

prions cause rare, degenerative disorders of the nervous system such as BSE (mad cow disease)

bacteria

tiny cells without nuclei that secrete toxins, parasitize, host cells, or form colonies (classified by growth requirements, aerobic and anaerobic)

aerobic

require oxygen

anaerobic

require no oxygen

bacteria classification

by staining properties (gram positive, gram negative) shape and size

bacilli

rod shaped cells (salmonella)

cocci

round cells (strep)

small bacteria

obligate parasites, only reproduce in other cells

spores

non reproducing forms of bacteria that resist unfavorable environmental conditions

fungi

simple organisms similar to plants but lacking chlorophyll

yeast

small single celled fungi

molds

large multicellular fungi

mycotic infections

produced by fungi (yeast and mold) and often resist treatment

protozoa

large one celled organisms that have organized nuclei, may infect human fluids are parasitize or destroy cells

amoebas that possess pseudopodia

arm like (fake feet)

flagellates that possess flagella

flagella are whip like extensions that move flagellates along

ciliates that possess cilia

cilia are short hair like extensions that move ciliates along

sporozoa

parasitic protozoa that do not have independent movement (cilia and flagella)

pathogenic animals

large complex multicellular organism, parasitize or otherwise damage human tissues or organs

nematodes

roundworms, pinworms, hookworms

roundworms

live in the intestines, can be up to 13 inches long (in areas of poor hygiene)

pinworms

small, live around anus and rectum (common in little kids) scotch tape test

arthropods

vectors of disease (parasitic mites, ticks, lice, and fleas)

platyhelminths

flatworms and flukes

hookworms

in ground, human feces that travel straight to intestines

infectious agent

#1—-microorganism that can cause harmful infection and make you ill

reservoir

#2—-this is where the germ lives and grows

portal of exit

#3—-the germ then needs to find a way out of the infected person so it can spread

mode of transmission

#4—-once the germ is out it can spread from one person to another by hands or on equipment such as a commode, in the air by coughing or contact with body fluids and blood

portal of entry

#5—-the germ then needs to find a way into another person

susceptible host

#6—-this is the person who is at risk of infection because they are unable to fight the infection. This could be residents, staff, or visitors

isolation

separation of potentially infectious people or materials from non-infected people

antisepsis

inhibition or inactivation of pathogens on living skin

disinfection

destruction of most or all pathogens on inanimate objects but not necessarily harmless microbes

sterilization (most effective)

destruction of all living organisms

opportunistic invasion

can be prevented by avoiding changes in skin and mucous membranes and cleansing wounds

transmission by vector

prevented by reducing the population of vectors and reducing contact with vector

vaccination

stimulates immunity

drug therapy

destroy or inhibit pathogens

antibiotics

natural compounds derives from living organisms

antibiotic resistance

important consideration

antiviral drugs

inhibit viral reproduction and slow down progression of viral infections

benign

localized, slow growing, non cancerous

malignant

form secondary tumors, fast traveling and growing

neoplasms

abnormal growth cells

benign epithelial

papiloma (fingerlike projection), adenoma, nevus (small tumor)

benign connective

lipoma (adipose tumor), osteoma (bone tumor), chondroma (cartilage tumor)

malignant epithelial (carcinoma)

melanoma, adenocarcinoma

malignant connective (sarcoma)

lymphoma, osteosarcoma, myeloma

inflammatory response

reduces injury to tissues, maintaining homeostasis (redness, swelling, pain)

metastasis

cells leave primary tumor and start a secondary tumor at a new location

causes of cancer

not fully understood but factors include genetic factors, carcinogens, age, environment, viruses

CAUTION UP

cancer early warning signs

Caution up

changes in bowel or bladder

cAution up

a sore that does not heal

caUtion up

unusual bleeding or discharge

cauTion up

thickening or lump in breast

cautIon up

ingestion or difficulty swallowing

cautiOn up

obvious changes in warts/moles

cautioN up

nagging couch

caution Up

unexplained weightloss

caution uP

pernicious (harmful) anemia

methods of detecting cancer

self examination, diagnostic imaging, biopsy, blood tests

staging

classify tumor by size and extent of spread

grading

compare cells, assess likely pattern of tumors development

cachexia

syndrome including appetite loss, weight loss, weakness

cause of death by cancer

secondary infections, organ failure, hemorrhage, undetermined factors