lecture 3: outline 10-11

Medical is everything

Surgery and medication is all medical

You don’t have cancer on the pituitary gland, you have a

pituitary adenoma; growth presses on optic nerve, giving people blurred vision. Its benign.

How do we safely remove a pituitary adenoma today

Using an endoscopic transsphenoidal (microsurgical instrument) approach, which minimizes damage to surrounding tissues. (make a hole in the sphenoid bone and Sella turcica).

is the adenoma removal invasive

No, it doesn’t go through the brain

Hemophilia

An inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency in specific blood clotting factors, which impairs normal coagulation and causes prolonged bleeding. Makes it hard to do surgery

If you have surgery on a tumor located on the pituitary gland (very important for producing hormones) what can you do

You can only de-bulk it, not completely remove it. Leading to come back.

Hypothalamus has a - function

Endocrine function. Has neurons produce/secrete hormones. Contains nuclei (group of neurons).

Hypothalamus neurons of the nucleus can secrete what protein hormone

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone also known as somatostatin, which regulates growth hormone levels. Or growth hormones, it toggles back n forth

For growth hormones Nuclei/ neurons project

Down and the axons release downward. The hormone is released next to the capillary and can go into circulatory system

Growth inhibiting hormones are released by the

Axon: it releases hormones next to capillary and secreted into the bloodstream. Blood carries from the hypothalamus to the to the anterior pituitary gland.

Portal system

A directed system of blood from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland has what what fancy name

Adenohypophysis: receives the blood while the hypothalamus is putting the hormone in the blood. This is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

A network of blood vessels that transports hormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland, facilitating quick hormonal communication between these two regions.

what’s a pharmacological good hormone for the treatment of adenoma

Somatastaten: put a break on the somatotrophs ability to produce growth hormone.. next best thing aside from getting rid of it.

Problem with pharmologicsl hormones

They disengrate in the blood due to enzymes , so we use analogues that see receptors and binds the growth hormone, inhibiting hormone receptor (like normal, yet it has altered structures to make it stable in the bloodstream stream.)

Skeletal muscle

650 organs that move the skeleton

Function of muscles

Movement, posture, joint stability, and thermogenesis (shivering)

Movement

Produce tension to move things, pulling, squeezing.

Joint stability

Constant tension holds joints together

If I’m conscious what is cooperating to exert posture

Brain and spinal cord

Two important joints

Hip and shoulder joints. Most movable joints. They’re both ball and socket joints that are multiaxial

The more flexible the less

Stable. Inverse relationship.

What joint is more stable

Hip. Shoulder plays the price of being more flexible.

4 rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder muscle

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. When these muscles contract they pull humeros up against glenoid cavity

Rotator cuff issues are caused by

Required physical therapy and/or surgery. Caused by too munch compression on the supraspinatus.

Striations are NOT

Fibers. Fibers are cells. Striations seen in meat with the naked eye are fascicles.

Muscles cells are electrically

Excitable, meaning they can conduct electrical impulses that are waves of depolarization/ repolarization called action potential

For a muscle cell to contract it must experience (40:30)

The act oaction potential moving down its memory .

Muscles cells job is to

contract or shorten

Muscle cells are

Extensible and elastic

Muscles fibers are

Muscles cells. They are the same (synonyms)

Fasicle is a bundle of muscle fibers that _ be seen

Cannot be seen , even in thick muscles.

How are monocytes stem cells

By fusing/aggregating together to form a bigger nucleated cell, or multiple myoblasts

Muscle cells are developed by the time your

Born

Your biceps have the same amount of cells it had from when

You were born. Tissue can grow via hypertrophy, it doesn’t grow because there’s more cells, but because the cells are bigger. This is due to growth hormone.

An anabolic hormone is

Growth hormone. A hormone that stimulates the production of macromolecules, especially protein like actin and myosin. GH stimulates there protein synthesis and contractile machinery. Therefor it stimulates hypertrophy.

An anabolic steroid

Testosterone: why males become more muscular after puberty. Neede for reproduction.

Estrogen: 5% of what males produce, so we make less muscle

Protein filament (myolfilaments)

A superstructure of proteins that come together to form a large filamentous structure. Myolfilamemtd are only found in muscle cells.

Myofilaments

Protein filaments that move past each other to shorten the muscle

Testosterone and estrogen are

Androgens and or anabolic steroids

Anabolic steroids are not bad under

Certain limits, there important in reproduction. They only seem bad due to athlete scandals/cheating.

Without cholesterol you

Die. It’s not a bad hormone.

Three things that stabilize the joints

snug fit, tension produced by muscles, and ligaments that pull joints in place.

The skeletal muscle never

Expands. It’s contracts in order to produce tension and apply force.

Posture

Baseline tension exerted at all times. As long your conscience the spinal cord (spinal cord reflexes) holds us up.

Somatotrophs produce

Somatotropin

Nuclei in the hypothalamus contains

Growth hormone (somatostatin) and inhibiting hormone

what connects muscle to other structures

Deep facia or connective tissue

Outermost layer of skeletal muscle

Epinemium, dense irregular connective tissue . Everything deep is bound to it.

You can see fasicles but you cannot see muscle

Fibers

Most of the skeletal muscle cell is made of

Myofibers