AP World History Unit 5 Flashcards

Questions + Term/Definition - beat Michael per favore

The Enlightenment

A 17th- and 18th-century European intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, scientific inquiry, individual liberty, and religious tolerance over traditional authority and dogma

Who did those participating in the Enlightenment challenge?

Church leaders, the monarchy, and regimes that did not grant full religious freedom or insisted on aristocratic privilege

John Locke

British writer, wrote Two Treaties of Government (1690) - believed in a social contract between the people and the government and in the concepts of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” - an Enlightenment “philosopher”

Thomas Hobbes

British writer, wrote Leviathan (1651) - believed a social contract was necessary but citizens needed to give up rights for a strong central government - an Enlightenment “philosopher”

Baron de Montesquieu

French writer, wrote The Spirit of Laws (1748) - argued for the use of checks and balances, influenced Founding Fathers to form the three branches of the U.S. Government - an Enlightenment “philosopher”

Voltaire

French writer, wrote the satire Candide (1762) - was a deist and advocate of civil liberties and brought British Constitutional ideals to France where he fought for judicial reform + religious liberty - an Enlightenment “philosopher”

Jean-Jacques Rosseau

French-Swiss writer, wrote The Social Contract (1762) - believed in political equality for all, inspired many revolutions as he believed society could improve - an Enlightenment “philosopher”

Nationalism

A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture

What ideas did nationalist ideals spark?

Breaking apart multi-ethnic empires so that people who share a common culture/ethnicity could form independent, seperate states

What were some goals of Enlightenment revolutions?

To gain independence from imperial rulers and form more constitutional government systems

Deism

The belief that a divinity simply set natural laws into motion instead of directly acting upon nature on a daily basis

Utopian Socialism

Believed that society can be led in a positive direction by setting up “utopias” or ideal communities

Henri de Saint-Simon

Utopian Socialism believer - focused on the collaboration of people to create ideal and beautiful places to help society and promoted public works projects to create jobs

Robert Owens

Utopian Socialism believer - established international communities to be governed on Utopian Socialism principles and believed in community rules to govern all aspects of society

Abolition

Movement to end the Atlantic Slave Trade and free all enslaved people

What did the abolition movement achieve at first?

The ending of the slave trade - however, the institution of slavery continued until the practice declined due to the lack of slaves (except for in the United States)

Democracy tended to appear in which countries?

Countries with larger, more economically significant middle classes

Reform Bill of 1832 (Britain)

Legislation that extended the vote to members of the middle class

Feminism

Movement to bring about rights and equality for women based on the Enlightenment movement

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminists who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) - argued that universal education regardless of gender would allow for women to contribute more to society and become better wives and mothers

Olymp de Gouges

French feminist and play write, wrote The Declaration of Rights of Women (1791) - believed in the extension of freedom and equality to women during the French Revolution

Jacobins

Radical political group wanting France to become a Republic - killed Olymp de Gouges

Suffragettes

Women seeking the right to vote

Seneca Falls Conference (1848)

Focused on women’s rights and suffrage, held in New York

Declaration of Sentiments

“All women and men are created equal”

Who issued the end of serfdom in Russia?

Czar Alexander II (1861)