BIOL120 Lab Exam 3 Question Bank

DESCRIBE ONE WAY OF CONTROLLING THE DEGREE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION?

ACTIVATING A DESIRED NUMBER OF MOTOR UNITS WITHIN THE MUSCLE / CONTROLLING THE FREQUENCY OF MOTOR NEURON IMPULSES IN EACH MOTOR UNIT

WHEN _____________ MUSCLE CONTRACTS BLOOD CIRCULATES, DELIVERING NUTRIENTS TO CELLS AND REMOVING CELL WASTE

CARDIAC

A _____________ IS A GRAPHIC RECORDING OBTAINED BY USING A DYNAMOMETER

DYNAGRAM

______________ IS THE MEASUREMENT OF POWER.

DYNAMOMETRY

___________________ IS A RECORDING OF THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF MUSCLES.

ELECTROMYOGRAM / EMG.

THE DETECTION, AMPLIFICATION, AND RECORDING OF CHANGES IN SKIN VOLTAGE PRODUCED BY UNDERLYING SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION IS CALLED _______________.

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY

A DECREASE IN THE MUSCLE'S ABILITY TO GENERATE FORCE DUE TO EITHER A DEPLETION OF ATP, A BUILD UP OF LACTIC ACID OR OXYGEN DEBT IN MUSCLE IS CALLED ___________.

FATIGUE

_________________ MEANS CHANGING THE STRENGTH OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION OR THE EXTENT OF SHORTENING IN PROPORTION TO THE LOAD PLACED ON THE MUSCLE BY WAY OF MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT.

GRADING (CONTRACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE)

WHAT WAS THE HAND DYNAMOMETER / DYNAGRIP INSTRUMENT USED TO SHOW?

Hand Dynamometer/ Dynagrip- Force generated/ Fatigue in muscles by decrease in force generated INTRAMUSCULAR ELECTROMYOGRAM/EMG.

______________ IS AN EMG WHERE A NEEDLE ELECTRODE IS INSERTED THROUGH THE SKIN INTO THE MUSCLE WHOSE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IS TO BE MEASURED.

INTRAMUSCULAR ELECTROMYOGRAM/EMG

THE MUSCLE FORCE GENERATED BY MUSCLE ACTIVITY IS EXPRESSED IN ________ (UNITS). DEFINE MECHANICAL WORK PERFORMED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE.

KILOGRAMS/KG.

DEFINE MECHANICAL WORK GENERATED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE

Mechanical work performed when the muscle contracts and an object is moved.

THE STRENGTH OF THE ELECTRICAL CURRENT GENERATED BY MUSCLE ACTIVITY IS EXPRESSED IN ________ (UNITS).

MILLIVOLTS / mV

_________________ IS THE COMBINATION OF A SINGLE MOTOR NEURON AND ALL OF THE MUSCLE FIBERS IT CONTROLS

MOTOR UNIT

THE SEQUENTIAL ACTIVATION OF MOTOR UNITS TO PERFORM A DESIGNATED TASK IS CALLED ____________.

MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT

____________ IS THE AMOUNT OF WORK DONE PER UNIT OF TIME

POWER

CONTRACTION OF __________MUSCLE MOVES ONE PART OF THE BODY WITH RESPECT TO ANOTHER PART

SKELETAL

CONTRACTION OF __________ MUSCLE (TYPE), CHANGES THE INTERNAL DIAMETER OF HOLLOW ORGANS

SMOOTH

___________ IS THE NAME OF THE TYPE OF EMG WHERE THE ELECTRODES ARE PLACED ON THE SKIN OVERLYING THE MUSCLE.

SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY/ SURFACE EMG

SUSTAINED FUSION OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE TWITCHES IS CALLED ___________

TETANUS

______________ IS A CONSTANT STATE OF SLIGHT TENSION THAT SERVES TO MAINTAIN THE MUSCLE IN A STATE OF READINESS.

TONUS

WHEN DOES FATIGUE OCCUR?

WHEN THE MUSCLE USES ITS ENERGY SOURCES FASTER THAN IT CAN BE GENERATED/ builds up lactic acid/ is in oxygen debt.

WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL NAME FOR THE THIN FILAMENTS OF THE MYOFIBRILS?

Actin

GIVE THE FUNCTION OF AGONISTS

AGONIST- ARE PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCING A PARTICULAR MOVEMENT

GIVE THE FUNCTION OF AN ANTAGONIST

ANTAGONISTS- OPPOSE/ REVERSE A MOVEMENT / PROVIDE RESISTANCE TO A PRIME MOVER

NAME TWO CRITERIA (WAYS) USED TO CLASSIFY / NAME MUSCLES

ANY 2 of the following CRITERIA: DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS / RELATIVE SIZE OF MUSCLE / LOCATION OF MUSCLE/ NUMBER OF ORIGINS / LOCATION OF MUSCLE'S ORIGIN & INSERTION / SHAPE OF MUSCLE / ACTION OF MUSCLE

NAME TWO DESCRIPTIVE TERMS USED WHEN CLASSIFYING MUSCLES BY THEIR NUMBER OF ORIGINS

ANY 2 of the following: BICEPS/ TRICEPS/ QUADRICEPS

NAME TWO DESCRIPTIVE TERMS USED WHEN CLASSIFYING MUSCLES BY THEIR RELATIVE SIZE

ANY 2 of the following: MAXIMUS / MINIMUS / LONGUS / BREVIS

NAME TWO DESCRIPTIVE TERMS USED WHEN CLASSIFYING MUSCLES BY THE DIRECTION OF THEIR MUSCLE FIBERS

ANY 2 of the following: RECTUS/ TRANSVERSE/ OBLIQUE

EPIMYSIA BLEND INTO STRONG FLAT/ SHEET-LIKE STRUCTURES CALLED ___________

Aponeuroses

EACH MOTOR NEURON AXON BREAKS UP INTO MANY BRANCHES CALLED _______________

AXONAL TERMINALS

EPIMYSIA BLEND INTO COARSE SHEETS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT BIND MUSCLES INTO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CALLED

Deep Fascia ENDOMYSIUM Epimysium

_______________, IS THE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYER SURROUNDING EACH INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBER

ENDOMYSIUM

A LARGE NUMBER OF FASCICLES ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY A COARSE "OVERCOAT" OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CALLED THE ______________, WHICH SHEATHS THE ENTIRE MUSCLE.

EPIMYSIUM

A BUNDLE OF SEVERAL SHEATHED MUSCLE FIBERS, WRAPPED TOGETHER BY A COLLAGENIC MEMBRANE, ARE CALLED A __________________

FASCICLE/ FASCICULUS

GIVE THE RANGE OF MUSCLE FIBER DIAMETER

Fiber Diameter- 10-100 μm

GIVE THE FUNCTION OF FIXATORS

stabilizes orgin

SKELETAL MUSCLE IS COMPOSED OF RELATIVELY LARGE, LONG, CYNLINDRICAL CELLS, SOMETIMES CALLED

FIBERS

GIVE THE FUNCTION OF FIXATORS

FIXATORS- IMMOBILIZE THE ORIGIN OF A PRIME MOVER

A MUSCLE'S MORE MOVABLE SITE OF ATTACHMENT IS CALLED ITS ______________.

INSERTION

A NEURON AND ALL THE MUSCLE CELLS IT STIMULATES MAKE UP THE FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE CALLED A ________________ MUSCLE CELLS ARE BUNDLES OF ______________

MOTOR UNIT

MUSCLES CELLS ARE BUNDLES OF

Myofibrils

MYOFIBRILS ARE MADE UP OF EVEN SMALLER THREAD-LIKE STRUCTURES CALLED ______________

Myofilaments

WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL NAME FOR THE THICK FILAMENTS OF THE MYOFIBRILS?

Myosin

THE JUNCTION BETWEEN AN AXON AND A MUSCLE CELL IS CALLED _______________

NEUROMUSCULAR/ MYONEURAL JUNCTION ORIGIN

A MUSCLE'S FIXED (IMMOVABLE) SITE OF ATTACHMENT IS CALLED ITS ______________________

ORIGIN

SEVERAL SHEATHED MUSCLE FIBERS ARE WRAPPED TOGETHER BY A COLLAGENIC MEMBRANE CALLED?

PERIMYSIUM

____________ ARE THE ACTUAL CONTRACTILE UNITS OF A MUSCLE.

SARCOMERES

WHAT DOES THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM STORE?

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum- Calcium/ Ca++ IONS

THE BULK OF THE BODY'S MUSCLE IS COMPOSED OF WHICH MUSCLE TYPE?

SKELETAL

THE FLUID-FILLED GAP SEPARATING NEURONAL AND MUSCLE FIBER MEMBRANES IS CALLED THE ____________

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

NAME THE FUNCTION OF SYNERGISTS

SYNERGISTS - AID THE ACTION OF AGONISTS

EPIMYSIA BLEND INTO STRONG CORD-LIKE STRUCTURES CALLED ___________

TENDONS

WHAT PART OF THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY WITH THE TRANSVERSE TUBULE?

TERMINAL CISTERNAE

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF AGING ON MUSCLES, WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM?

THEY BECOME SINEWY/STRINGIER

HOW MANY THIN FILAMENTS SURROUND EVERY THICK FILAMENT IN EACH MYOFIBRIL?

THICK FILAMENTS ARE SURROUNDED BY 9 THIN FILAMENTS

HOW MANY THICK FILAMENTS SURROUND EVERY THIN FILAMENT IN EACH MYOFIBRIL?

THIN FILAMENTS ARE SURROUNDED BY 3 THICK FILAMENTS

WHAT CHANNEL IS CONTINUOUS WITH THE SARCOLEMMA AND PROPOGATES THE ACTION POTENTIAL CLOSE TO THE SARCOPLAMIC RETICULUM?

TRANSVERSE TUBULE

THE TRANSVERSE TUBULE AND THE TWO TERMINAL CISTERNAE ON EITHER SIDE FORM A REGION CALLED A _______________

TRIAD

GIVE THE TWO OTHER NAMES BY WHICH SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE KNOWN (HINT: CONTROL/ APPEARANCE)

VOLUNTARY MUSCLES AND STRIATED MUSCLES

THE PERIOD AFTER DEPOLARIZATION WHEN SODIUM GATES ARE STILL OPENED AND STIMULUS WILL NOT CAUSE AN ACTION POTENTIAL IS CALLED?

ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT ENTERS THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT FROM VESICLES IN THE AXON TERMINAL?

ACETYLCHOLINE

THE FORCE GENERATED BY THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTRACTION OF MUSCLE IS CALLED?

ACTIVE FORCE

WHAT IS THE ENERGY THAT IS USED TO DRIVE MUSCLE CONTRACTION CALLED?

ATP

WHAT ION IS STORED INSIDE THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM?

CALCIUM

DURING A TWITCH THE PHASE IN WHICH MUSCLE FIBERS SHORTEN IS CALLED?

CONTRACTION PHASE

AN EVENT IN WHICH THE CELL BECOMES LESS NEGATIVELY CHARGED IS CALLED?

DEPOLARIZATION

___________ STIMULATION CAUSES SKELETAL MUSCLE TO CONTRACT

ELECTRICAL STIMULATION

A CONTRACTION IN WHICH MUSCLE LENGTH DOESN'T CHANGE, BUT FORCE GENERATED CAN IS CALLED AN ___________ CONTRACTION?

ISOMETRIC FIXED LENGTH CONTRACTION

A CONTRACTION IN WHICH MUSCLE LENGTH CHANGES, BUT FORCE GENERATED STAYS THE SAME IS CALLED AN _______________ CONTRACTION?

ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

WHAT IS THE WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCED UNDER FATIGUED MUSCLE CONDITIONS?

LACTIC ACID

THE PERIOD OF A MUSCLE TWITCH BETWEEN MUSCLE STIMULATION AND CONTRACTION IS CALLED?

LATENT PERIOD

THE WEAKEST STIMULUS THAT WILL STIMULATE ALL THE MUSCLE CELLS OF A MUSCLE IS CALLED_________STIMULUS

MAXIMAL STIMULUS

INCREASED CONTRACTILE STRENGTH DUE TO AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF MUSCLE CELLS STIMULATED IS CALLED?

MULTIPPLE MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT/SUMMATION

WHAT IS A SINGLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION CALLED?

TWITCH

FORCE GENERATED BY STRETCHING A MUSCLE AND DUE TO IT'S ELASTIC PROPERTIES IS CALLED?

Passive Force

THE PERIOD AFTER DEPOLARIZATION WHEN SODIUM GATES HAVE CLOSED AND POTASSIUM GATES OPEN AND STIMULUS MAY LEAD TO ANOTHER ACTION POTENTIAL IS CALLED?

Relative Refractory Period

DURING A TWITCH THE PHASE IN WHICH MUSCLE FIBERS RELAX AND LENGTHEN IS CALLED?

Relaxation Phase

RESTORING OF THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL IS CALLED?

Repolarization

WHAT IS THE NORMAL RESTING POTENTIAL/ POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE/ VOLTAGE OF A MUSCLE FIBER/ CELL

Resting Membrane Potential is -60 to (-90) millivolts

__________ STIMULUS LEADS TO A NONCONTRACTILE RESPONSE

Subthreshold Stimulus

STIMULATION AT SUCH A FREQUENCY THAT NO RELAXATION OCCURS, A SUSTAINED CONTRACTION, IS CALLED?

Tetanus

__________ STIMULUS LEADS TO A CONTRACTILE RESPONSE

Threshold Stimulus Tonus

A CONSTANT STATE OF SLIGHT TENSION THAT MAINTAINS MUSCLE READINESS IS CALLED?

TONUS

THE SUM OF THE PASSIVE FORCE AND THE ACTIVE FORCE IS CALLED?

Total Force

THE STAIRCASE EFFECT OF SLIGHT INCREASES IN CONTRACTILE STRENGTH OF PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE TWITCHES DUE TO MORE CALCIUM AND HEAT AS EACH ENSUING TWITCH OCCURS IS CALLED?

Treppe

MUSCLE STIMULATION IN RAPID SUCCESSION OF THE SAME INTENSITY BUT OF A GREATER FREQUENCY CAUSING GREATER RESPONSE (STRENGTH OF CONTRACTION) IS CALLED?

Wave Summation

THE ACTION OF ALL OF THE GLUTEAL MUSCLES IS ______________

ABDUCTION OF THE THIGH

ALL OF THE MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LOWER LEG COMPARTMENT HAVE INSERTIONS AT THE _______________

CALCANEOUS

THE ACTION OF ALL OF THE MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LOWER LEG IS ______________

DORSIFLEXION OF THE FOOT

ALL OF THE GLUTEAL MUSCLES HAVE INSERTIONS AT SOME PART OF THE _____________

FEMUR

ALL OF THE MUSCLES OF THE LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LOWER LEG HAVE ORIGINS IN SOME PRAT OF THE ________________

FIBULA

MOST OF THE MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR LOWER LEG COMPARTMENT HAVE ORIGINS AT SOME PART OF THE _______________

FIBULA

THE ACTIONS OF ALL OF THE MUSCLES OF THE LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LOWER LEG IS ______________ OR ________________ (GIVE EITHER)

FOOT PLANTAR FLEXION/ EVERT THE FOOT (only one needed)

WHAT IS THE ACTION OF THE MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR UPPER ARM COMPARTMENT?

FOREARM EXTENSION

WHAT IS THE ACTION OF MOST MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR UPPER ARM COMPARTMENT?

FOREARM FLEXION

MOST OF THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER ARM HAVE AN ORIGINS IN SOME PART THE ______________

HUMERUS

MOST OF THE MUSCLES OF THE SUPERFICIAL POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT ANTEBRACHIUM/ FOREARM HAVE ORIGIN IN SOME PART THE

HUMERUS

MOST POSTRIOR MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK HAVE INSERTIONS ON SOME PART OF THE _________________ OR _______________ (GIVE EITHER)

HUMERUS/ SCAPULA (only one needed)

MOST OF THE MUSCLES OF THE SUPERFICIAL ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT ANTEBRACHIUM/ FOREARM HAVE AN ORIGINS IN SOME PART THE ______________ OR ____________ (GIVE EITHER)

HUMERUS/ ULNA (only one needed)