Scientific Method, Atomic Structure, and Protein Chemistry Flashcards

A set of fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering experimental variables, atomic configuration, electronegativity, chemical bonds, water interactivity, and protein structures and denaturation.

The factor you intentionally change or manipulate in an experiment is the __________ variable.

independent

The factor you measure in an experiment, which "depends" on the independent variable, is the __________ variable.

dependent

Factors kept constant throughout an experiment to ensure a fair test are called __________ variables.

standardized (control)

Protons and neutrons are located in the __________ of an atom.

nucleus

The first electron shell can hold up to __________ electrons.

2

The second and third electron shells can hold up to 8 electrons according to the __________ Rule.

Octet

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called __________ electrons.

valence

Generally, as an atom is closer to having a full outer shell (moving right across the periodic table), the __________ its electronegativity.

higher

In an __________ bond, electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating charged atoms called ions.

ionic

A bond characterized by electrons being shared unequally between atoms, creating partial charges, is a __________ bond.

polar covalent

A bond characterized by electrons being shared equally between atoms, typically between identical atoms, is a __________ bond.

nonpolar covalent

A weak attraction between a partially positive Hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom on a different molecule is a __________ bond.

hydrogen

Molecules that are ionic or polar covalent and interact well with water are termed __________.

hydrophilic

Molecules that are nonpolar covalent and do not interact well with water are termed __________.

hydrophobic

Proteins are polymers made of monomers called __________.

amino acids

The linear sequence of amino acids represents the __________ level of protein structure.

primary

Local folding such as alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets makes up the __________ level of protein structure.

secondary

The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide chain is the __________ level of protein structure.

tertiary

The structure formed by multiple polypeptide chains forming one functional unit is the __________ level of protein structure.

quaternary

A protein is considered active when it has reached its final, specific 3D shape, also known as its __________.

conformation

The process where a protein loses its 3D shape due to external stress, affecting its function while its primary sequence remains intact, is called __________.

denaturation

ionic bond indicator

• if one of the atoms was a metal and the other was a non metal

if a lipid has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic side, we say that the lipid is considered a:

amphipathic molecule

hydrophobic molecules are usually created by which type of bond?

denaturation

the process that collapses the tertiary structure of a protein back to its primary state