Programming

What are the 4 file modes in file handling?

r = Read file, w = Write (creates/overwrites), a = Append (adds to file), open() = Opens file.

When do we use an if statement?

Used when a condition must be checked.

What are logical operators?

Used to combine conditions.

What is a nested if?

An if inside another if.

What are the 3 parts of a function?

Function Definition, Parameters, Function Call, Return Value.

What is a while loop?

Repeats while condition is True.

What is a sentinel value?

A special value that stops a loop.

What is a nested loop?

A loop inside another loop.

What is input validation?

Ensures correct user input.

What errors can appear in programming?

Syntax Error: Code written incorrectly; Logic Error: Program runs but answer is wrong.

What business calculations may appear?

VAT, Discount, Penalty.

What is the IPO principle?

I → Input, P → Processing, O → Output.

How do I answer programming questions?

Identify inputs, calculations, decisions, and required output; then write INPUT ➜ PROCESS ➜ OUTPUT.

Before submitting a program, what should you check?

Inputs collected, variables named properly, functions used, decisions made correctly, loops end correctly, output displays correctly, files opened/closed, no syntax errors, tested with different values.