CERAD L3 EXAM 2 - Theory Test Before Commencing On-road Training at Speed Assessment (TTBCORTS)

Who does the Highway Code apply to?

England, Scotland and Wales

What rules are identified by ‘MUST/MUST NOT’ in the Highway Code?

Legal requirements - disobeying these is a crime

What rules are identified by ‘SHOULD/SHOULD NOT’ in the Highway Code?

Rules that may be used in evidence in any court proceedings under the Traffic Acts to establish liability.

What is ‘Hierarchy of Road Users’?

A concept that places those road users most at risk in the event of a collision at the top of the hierarchy.

List the 7 road users most likely to be injured in the event of a collision?

Pedestrians, cyclists, horse riders, motorcyclists, children, frail adults, disabled people?

Rule H1 - Highway Code

Those in charge of vehicles that can cause the greatest harm in the event of a collision bear the greatest responsibility to take care and reduce the danger they pose to others.

Under Rule H1 of the Highway Code, which drivers does this rule apply most strongly to?

LGV, passenger vehicles, vans/minibus, cars/taxis and motorcycles

Rule H2 - Highway Code (at a junction)

At a junction, you SHOULD give way to pedestrians crossing or waiting to cross a road into which or from which you are turning.

Rule H2 - Highway Code (zebra crossing)

You MUST give way to pedestrians on a zebra crossing, and to pedestrians/cyclists on a parallel crossing.

Who may use the pavement?

Only pedestrians may use the pavement - including wheelchair and mobility scooter users.

Rule H3 - Highway Code

Wait for the cyclist to pass the junction before turning. Also applies if there is a cycle lane or cycle track and if you are turning right or left into a junction,

Rule 89 - Highway Code

You MUST ensure your vehicle and trailer comply with the full requirements of the road vehicles (Construction and use) Regulations and Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations.

Annex 4 - Highway Code: What is the definition of a road in England and Wales?

Any highway and any other road to which the public has access and includes bridges over which a road passes. Therefore includes footpaths, bridleways, cycle tracks etc.

Annex 5 - Highway Code: What is the purpose of the penalty point system?

Intended to deter drivers and motorcyclists from following unsafe motoring practices. Accumulation of points acts as a warning that they risk disqualification if further offences are committed.

Annex 5 - Highway Code: Who must be disqualified when they receive penalty points?

A driver or motorcyclist who accumulates 12 or more penalty points within a three-year period MUST be disqualified. Minimum period of 6 months, or longer if previously disqualified.

Annex 5 - Highway Code: Serious Offence?

Serious offences, such as dangerous driving and drink-driving, the court MUST order disqualification. Minimum period of 12 months, but repeat offenders/alcohol level high, it may be longer.

Annex 5 - Highway Code: Repeat Drink Driving?

A second-drink drive offence in the space of 10-years will result in a minimum of three years’ disqualification.

Those found guilty of death by dangerous driving will be given a custodial sentence no matter the mitigating factors, true or false?

True

Who is responsible for setting penalties for road traffic offences?

Parliament

Who serves the penalties?

The Courts

How many penalty points can be given for each vehicle defect identified?

3 points

What are the special rules that the Safety Code for New Drivers state?

Accumulation of 6+ points before the end of the two-year period, licence will be revoked automatically.
Must reapply for provisional licence, and drive as a learner until they pass a further driving test.

Who has to satisfy the DVLA Medical branch that they do not have a drugs or alcohol issue?

Drivers disqualified for D+D twice within 10 years, or once if they are over 2.5 times the legal limit, or those refusing to give a specimen.

Rule 90 - Highway Code: Fitness to Drive

You MUST report to the DVLA any health conditions likely to affect your driving.

When does the Highway Code recommend to avoid journeys?

Long journeys between midnight and 6am, when natural alertness is at a minimum

How often does the Highway Code recommend taking a break from driving?

Minimum break of at least 15mins after every 2 hours of driving.

Rule 92 - Highway Code: Vision

You MUST be able to read a vehicle number plate from 20m, 20.5m with old number plates, with glasses where required. Police have the power to undertake eyesight tests.

Rule 94 - Highway Code: What shouldn’t you use at night or poor visibility?

Tinted glasses, lenses or visors that restrict vision.

Rule 95 - Highway Code: What are the alcohol levels in England and Wales?

35mcg/100ml of breath OR 80mg/100ml of blood.

Rule 95 - Highway Code: What are the alcohol levels in Scotland?

Lower - 22mcg/100ml of breath OR 50mg/100ml of blood

What are the effects of alcohol?

False sense of confidence, reduce co-ordination and slow reactions, affect judgement of speed/distance/risk, reduce driving ability.

Rule 97 - Highway Code: What MUST you do before setting off?

Valid license and insurance to drive the vehicle you intend to use, and your vehicle is legal and roadworthy

Rule 112 - Highway Code: When MUST you NOT use your horn?

While stationary on the road OR when driving in a built-up area between hours of 1130pm - 7am EXCEPT when another road user poses a danger.

What is the speed limit for a Good Vehicle on a built-up area in England or Scotland?

30mph

What is the speed limit for a Good Vehicle on a built-up area in Wales?

20mph

What is the speed limit for a Good Vehicle on a single-carriageway?

50mph

What is the speed limit for a Good Vehicle on a dual-carriageway?

60mph

What is the speed limit for a Good Vehicle on a motorway?

70mph

Who enforces speed limits?

The police

Rule 128 - Highway Code: What do double white lines where the line nearer to you is broken mean?

You may cross the lines to overtake if it safe, and you can complete the manoeuvre before reaching a solid line on your side.

Rule 129 - Highway Code: When can you cross a solid white line?

To pass a stationary vehicle, overtake a pedal cycle/horse/road maintenance vehicle if they are travelling at 10mph or less, if instructed by a police officer.

WHITE reflective road studs

Marks the lanes or middle of the road

RED reflective road studs

Left edge of the road

AMBER reflective road studs

Marks the central reservation of a dual carriageway or motorway

GREEN reflective road studs

Marks the edge of the main carriageway at lay-bys or slip roads

Rule 149 - Highway Code: When can you use a mobile-phone when driving?

To call 999 or 112 in a genuine emergency when it is unsafe or impractical to stop OR when stationary and making a contactless payment

What rules and laws are all road users subject to?

The Highway Code, the Road Traffic Act 1988, the Road Safety Act 2006

What is the relationship between the Highway Code and the Road Traffic Act 1988?

Whilst the Highway Code does not render a person liable to criminal proceedings, the Road Traffic Act 1988 states any failure to adhere to the Code’s principles can be used to establish or negate liability in civil or criminal proceedings

Road Traffic Act 1988

If a person drives a mechanically propelled vehicle on a road or other public place without due care and attention, or without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place, he is guilty of an offence

What is Section 19 of the Road Safety Act 2006?

Likely to determine that only drivers who have satisfactorily completed a course of training in driving vehicles at high speed will be legally permitted to claim exemptions from exceeding speed limits.

What are the different groups DVLA specifies medical standards for?

Group 1 - drivers of motor cars and motorcycles

Group 2 - drivers of lorries and buses including C1 and D1

Who has automatic entitlement to C1 and D1?

Drivers who obtained entitlement to Group 1 Cat B before 1 January 1997

How long with a C1 and D1 licence valid for?

If obtained after 19 January 2013 - valid for 5 years. Must sign a declaration you are fit to drive every 5 years until 45. After 45, need to provide a medical examination every 5 years.

What is the most commonest recorded cause of collision in the UK?

Driver error or reaction, Action based on poor judgement, Being careless/reckless or in a hurry.

Driver error or reaction

Factor in 3 out of 4 of all collisions - looking properly, judging the other persons path or speed, loss of control

Action based on poor judgement

Factors in 1 in 6 of all collisions - travelling too fast for conditions, exceeding speed limits, following too close, sudden braking

Being careless, reckless or in a hurry

Contributes to over 1 in 6 collisions

Which are the two groups most likely to be involved in a road traffic collision?

Young people aged 16-24 / Those who drive for work

How many collisions are 16-24 full licence holders involved in?

1 in 7 of all reported collisions and 1 in 6 of serious injured/killed collisions.

What are the four levels of the driving task?

Human affects affecting driving, the purpose and context of journey, traffic situations, vehicle and control.

How can ‘distraction due to multi-tasking’ be combatted in emergency services?

Ask a passenger to operate in-vehicle technology

List 7 operational stressors that affect driving?

Anticipatory stress, 'adrenaline rush’, stress of aspects of task, stress of exposure to extreme hazards, repeated exposure to distressing incidents, preoccupation with previous errors of judgement, other work factors.

What are the 5 negative feelings from pressure and stress?

Impatience, intolerance, impulsiveness, anger/frustration, personalisation

What is ‘impatience’ as a powerful negative feeling?

A desire to get to the incident quickly

What is ‘intolerance’ as a powerful negative feeling?

A belief that the importance of the task automatically gives the driver priority over other road users.

What is ‘impulsiveness’ as a powerful negative feeling?

Rushing decisions because time is short

What is ‘personalisation’ as a powerful negative feeling?

Getting into personal conflict with another road user

What are 5 practical steps to combat stress?

Adjust the seat and steering wheel / practice techniques learnt in training / maintain calm + professional approach to driving / learn techniques to help focus on driving and switch off other stressors/ reflect on stressful experiences but do not dwell

What is a ‘noble cause’ risk taking?

Believing or justifying that the emergency is so grand that risk-taking driving is for a ‘noble cause’.

What is ‘Red mist’?

Describes the state of mind of drivers who have a fixed attention to achieve some objective/specific goal on journey; becoming emotionally and physiologically caught up in the incident.

What are 4 strategies to prevent ‘Red mist’?

Do not get into personality conflict with another road user / be dispassionate with language / do not imagine the incident / concentrate on driving and talk through hazards

Most driving is routine and places few demands on your abilities. So…

a low level of stimulation makes it easy to lose concentration and alertness

Reactions times tend to be _____ in the morning than in the early evening

slower

When is there a dip in alertness?

After the midday meal

What hours are the greatest risk of tiredness-related collisions?

11pm - 6am

How many fatal accidents are caused by drivers who have fallen asleep at the wheel?

1 in 4

How many accidents are caused by tiredness on major roads?

1 in 5

Who is more at risk of and recover less quickly from tiredness?

Drivers over 45 than younger drivers

List 6 other physiological factors that may affect concentration and reaction time.

Minor illness / Medications / Residual blood alcohol / low blood sugars from arising hunger / cyclical mood swings from hormone changes / life stress

What are the four human risk factors which increase because of the nature of motorway driving?

Tiredness & boredom / Frustration from stop-start progress dense traffic / Complacency in low-density / Behaviour of driving joining the motorway, service stations and slip roads

What is the 'I AM SAFE' checklist used for?

To assess whether someone is fit to drive

What does 'I AM SAFE' stand for?

Illness / Attitude / Medication / Sleep / Alcohol / Food / Emotion

What are 3 types of emergency drivers affect by different sources of stress?

Personal reward / People orientated / Professional Career importance

What are the 5 coping strategies for driving tasks listed by DTAG?

Emotion-focused / Confrontive / Task-Focused / Avoidance / Reappraisal

What is ‘emotion-focused’ coping?

NEGATIVE - self-criticism from the driver, which may impair driving performance through distraction and self-focus

What is ‘confrontive’ coping?

NEGATIVE - mastery of the driving challenge through self-assertion or conflict

What is ‘task-focused’ coping?

POSITIVE - active attempts to change the external environment via a behavioural response

What is ‘avoidance’ coping?

NEGATIVE - ignoring the stressor, often through self-distraction and diverting attention away from driving

What is ‘reappraisal’ coping?

POSITIVE - dealing with driver stress by re-appraising one’s emotional and cognitive reactions.

What is CRM?

Crew Resource Management - a system that optimises all available resources (personnel, equipment, procedures) to enhance safety and efficiency

What is the attendants role?

MUST NOT distract the driver / help driver maximise forward vision (e.g. blind spots) / hazard identification / navigation skills

What is a ‘sterile environment’?

Inappropriate behaviours or distractions due to such things as background noise should be eliminated,

Where should patients be sat to maximise comfort?

A seat above a wheel arch is more susceptible to vibrations. Offside position most comfortable to avoid uneven surfaces, drains etc. nearest to the kerb.

What are the three strategies to combat tiredness when driving?

Appropriate ventilation / Regular breaks /
Comfortable driving position

What are the two factors that increase your tiredness when driving?

The total time spent at work / Driving for over 4 hours, regardless of the circumstances