Exam 2 Julie Harris HIST 2100

Four Calendar systems & the civilization of each

Roman- founding of Rome

Greek- the Olympics

Mayan- the calendar round

China- restarts every dynasty

Four C's of History

chronology

causation

confirmation

context

The Twelve Olympian gods/ goddesses & their areas

Zeus- Sky

Hera- Marriage

Hades- Underworld

Poseidon- Sea

Hestia- Hearth

Hephaestus- Fire

Apollos- Sun

Hermes- Messenger

Demeter- Fertility

Dionysus- Madness

Aphrodite- Beauty

Athena- Wisdom

Ares- War

Artemis- Hunt

Four common characteristics of Greek poleis

Competition

Hospitality

Hubris & Fate

Arete

or chora

acropolis

agora

assembly

Name the Seven Wonders of the World

The Great Pyramid of Giza- Egypt

The Lighthouse of Alexandria- Egypt

Colossus at Rhodes- Greek Island

Hanging Gardens of Babylon- Babylon

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus- Anatolia

Statue of Zeus at Olympia- Greece

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus- Anatolia

Name 12 Tribes of Israel

Asher

Benjamin

Dan

Ephriam

Issachar

Gad

Joseph

Judah

Levi

Manasseh

Napthali

Reuben

Simeon

Zebulun

Name the four problems of democracy we discussed in class

Regionalism

Populism

Corruption

Debt

5 achievements/innovations of the Greeks

Democracy

Olympics

Theater

Vowels

Epic Poetry

4 achievements of the Persians

Banking system

Tax system

Refrigeration

Ice cream

3 achievements of Egyptians

Hieroglyphics

Cosmetics

Pyramids

4 achievements of the Assyrians

First Library

Long-range Army

Relief Sculpture

First True Empire

2 achievements of the Hittites

Chariot Warfare

Iron Technology

2 achievements of the Babylonians

Base 60 Mathematics

Hanging Gardens

1 achievement of the Lydians

Coinage

3 achievements of the Phoenicians

Continents

Sailing

Alphabet

3 achievements of the Hebrews

Monotheism

Olive Press

Wine Press

3 achievements of the Mesopotamians

Ziggurats

Cuneiform

Royal Game of Ur

What are the two major reasons we have limited knowledge of Bronze Age Greece

We lack substantial written records, What we do have is difficult to read/indecipherable

What types of errors did early archeologists commit?

Stole for personal collection, blew things up, built over ruins through reconstruction, repaired paintings

Who discovered Mycenae? Why did he go looking for Troy first?

Heinrich Schliemann, because he thought that Homer was telling the truth about the Illiad & the odyssey

Who was Sir Arthur Evans?

1900's British archaeologist who excavated the entire palace of King Minos - found Knossos civilization at Crete

What were his theories concerning Minoa?

That they were a pacifist matriarchy

What is now believed to be reality about Minoa?

That the statues of women were fertility Goddesses and that they had warships in their art and harbors

What were the primary characteristics of Minoan civilization?

Lack of Militaristic Art - Initially Sea-fearing people Technological Sophistication Indoor Plumbing and Toilets Zeus Pater or sky father; Greek Pantheon origins Bull Dancing& Legends of Minos minotaur = middle Palace Civilizations Agricultural Community of 5000Non river valley civilization Dependent on Trabe Faded into legend, uncovered by amateurs Linear A - Minoa Phaistos Disc

What legends are associated with Minoan civilization

Legend of Bull Dancing, the Minotaur, and Frescos [Atlantis and King Minos]

Give three characteristics &/or rituals of Minoan religion

Aegean Mother Goddess, Zeus, Bull dancing

What similarities between the Minoan & Mycenaen civilizations?

(1) Both Disappear in the 1100s. have hearths.

(2) Animal representation

(3) sea trading in and around the Aegean Sea; both grew the same things, both were able to navigate ships well and both used olives with olive oil

Linear A & B

What were the primary architectural achievement of the Mycenaeans?

Megaron Hearth - Each has a hearth at the middle of the city

Beehive tombs - Lions over the Lentel Post

What are the origins of the myth of Atlantis?

Plato: Timaeus and Critias

What was the original story?

Technologically advanced society created by half gods half humans that wanted a utopia Eden-like environment brimming with natural resources, mountains, and exotic fruit. Then, it disappears

Where have people thought it might have been?

Pillars of Hercules - before (in front) or after them (beyond)

Where have people theorized Atlantis to have been?

Azores, Sahara, Malta, Bimini, Nazca Lines, Canaries, Antartica, Thera, and Crete

What problems/detrimental ideas has this myth been used for?

The problem it has been used for supremacy use: - popular focal point for racial superiority arguments

What was it most likely really associated with?

Retelling the Trojan War

What is the Theory of Atlantis?

Part of the story was the Atlanteans were the problem, not the solution... they are the bad guys the real discussion is, "you forgot your history" You are not supposed to be great conquerors, you're supposed to be doing better than the imperialist"

Who first wrote the story?

Plato

In the original story, who were the heroes?

The Athenians

What was likely the point & the original foundation of the story?

1. Reminding Athenians to be heroic and not conquering imperialist

2. Confusion of troy and Atlantis

3. Cultural memory of a war? A devastating war? A memory of the event - that goes terribly wrong [Human nature's corruption]

Who were the Sea Peoples? What did they do?

The mysterious seafaring fighting force that waged war on cities and towns along the Mediterranean Sea around 1200 BC.

Raided towns in levant. They attacked Egypt, Minoa, Mycenae, Hittites, Phoenicians [The Philistines]

What was the Battle of the Delta?

Battle between the sea peoples and the Egyptians under Ramasses the 3rd. It accounts specific details about the sea peoples

What happened to Bronze Age society?

Natural disasters and invasions lead to the systematic collapse of Bronze Age civilizations.by 1177 BC-eruption of santorini -earthquakes and climate shifts-invasions and the cessation of trade

Give four reasons the Hebrews were considered weird in the Ancient World

History - positive creation story

Monotheism

Egalitarianism

Justice ethical law/concentric circle hierarchy

What was the Jewish exemption? Why did the Romans grant it?

Religia-Licta - Because they are a patriarchal society and the religion comes from one's father The Jews were exempt from paying the temple tax, and were allowed to worship their God exclusively.

Who created the term "monotheism"? Why?

Philo of Alexandria. Needed a word to describe the Hebrews to the Greeks

How is Genesis different from the other Creation stories?

Humanity was created on purpose and not as an afterthought

God loved his people and wanted them to serve one another

What were the ramifications of this for the Hebrews?

Creation story was different in that humanity was actually created on purpose instead of by accident. This caused the Hebrews to live more positively since they were created with more of a purpose in life.

What was different about justice and law among the Hebrews?

Exodus made everyone equal (Heterarchical system)

What three faiths claim Abraham as their father?

Christianity, Judaism, Islam

Where is the Temple Mount?

Old City of Jerusalem

What was there? What is there now?

Dome of the Roq is there now. It is where abraham was going to sacrifice Isaac and where Muhammed went up to Heaven

How many temples were there and who built them? Who destroyed them?

2

King Solomon built, Babylonians destroyed

Herod built 6th century, tore down in 70CE with the Roman's exile of the Jews

Describe the characteristics and effects of Hebrew geography.

Nomadic structure: tribal hospitality

Mountainous region: cisterns as a water source

Had herding rather than farming

All of this led to no command economy and independence

How did Israel become a divided kingdom?

people revolted against heavy taxes levied by Solomon and Rehoboam

What happened to each half?

North - split into 10 tribes and were carried off by Assyria, meaning they scattered and were not tribes

South - Southern Kingdom of Judah 2 tribes carried off By Babylon, the only to survive being Judah (3 tribes counting the half tribe)

When/ why should one change from using Hebrews to "Jews"

The southern kingdom was called Judah and when they are the only significant tribe left, they are called by their tribe name, "Jews"

Which tribe doesn't have land in Palestine? Why?

Levi/Levites... they are the tribe of priests and are expected to travel throughout Canaan. Thus, others must host him to sustain him. They have no portion with Israel

What was the lynch pin for the Hebrews as a people? Why?

The Exodus

It makes everyone equal

What effects were linked to it?

The strong sense of family identity and history

The covenant with God is based on exodus and the law, there is no social class for the Hebrew

What is a covenant?

An agreement that establishes a sacred family bond between persons... an eternal promise

What aspects of Western society derive from it?

Constitutions, treaties - guaranteed by God

Name three ways that history was important for the Hebrews.

1. Identity is based on lineage and history

2. Property tied to the tribes

3. The 12 tribes gave them a strong sense of family

egalitarian

There is no separation, or difference in classification. Everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities

Name four ways egalitarianism was evident among the Hebrews

1. Equality before God ("in our image")

2. Equality of Responsibility (alphabet: all access to knowledge)

3. Social Equality (all had been slaves)

4. Concept of Justice (equal enforcement of law) / no religious hierarchy

How were prophets different for the Hebrews?

They weren't priests, they were everyday people. They were a constant call for Israel, Judah to return to the covenant with God/ turning away from fertility cults

Define Book Religion. What are the characteristics? Example?

Written ethical code of an individual responsibility before God and the Law

ex: Bible (Christians); Qu'ran (Muslim); Torah/Tanuk (Jews)

Describe the development of monotheism among the Hebrews

Monolatry: other gods exist but only 1 is worshipped

Theophany: Appearance of divine to humanity

Covenant with Moses: true monotheism, only 1 true God acknowledged and worshipped

What were the two major stages?

Monolatry and Theophany

Monolatry

other gods exist but only 1 is worshipped

Theophany

Appearance of divine to humanity

Mos Maiorum

respect what your father's have taught you

Describe the major aspects of the Hebrew diet

Lechem = bread/food

50-70% grain diet

Wheat roasted, eaten raw, 3 hrs to grind flour

Bread porridge

Wheat (barley, not emer) and grapes

How did the Mediterranean Triad diet apply?

Grapes (Wine); Olives (olive oil) grains (wheat)

What was the difference between the diet of the poor & the rich?

Rich ate Emer, the Poor ate Barley

What foods were not present?

Beer and non-kosher

What are the four stages of the Assyrian Empire?

Old Assyrian Period

Middle Assyrian "Empire"

Neo/New Assyrian Empire

Name four Assyrian monarchs of note

Ashurbanipal, Shalmaneser III, Sennacherib, Sargon II

Who was king at the height of the Assyrian empire?

Ashurbanipal

What happened at the battle of Qarqar?

12 different kings form a coalition but lead by Ahab of Israel; Assyrians battle North Israel, Israel loses, taken captive by Shalmaneser III

What happened that allowed the Assyrians to gain power in the Middle Assyrian Empire?

power vacuum from the collapse of the Bronze Age

What city was the religious capital of the Assyrian empire? The political one?

Assur: religious capital

Nineveh: political capital

What was the Standard Inscription? What was its tone?

cuneiform text written in Akkadian that carved out the celebration of Ashurnasirpal's accomplishment

What contributions did the Assyrians make to military?

standardized units, promotion by merit (only applied to Assyrians)

long range army

combination of attack forces

mounted warfare

infantry (light & heavy)

Siege warfare

Crops of engineers

Siege ramps, battering rams, siege towers

biological warfare

What do historians learn by looking at the battle of Lachish?

-best documented Assyrian siege

-with the use of siege towers, siege ramps, etc.

What was the role of forced monolatry in Assyria?

Holy war to gather more worshippers of their god, Ashur, by conquering and capturing.

What great cultural development were the Assyrians responsible for at Ninevah?

New placement of capital

What was the role of women in Assyria? What restrictions existed here?

-Code of Assura

-forced veiling of women

-reduced position

What was art like for the Assyrians?

centered on conquest; glory of the hunt

Describe Assyria's relationship with her neighbors and the problems that arose

alienation of neighbors

Which empires combined to defeat Assyria?

Babylon, Medes and Egyptians

Why is important to be "feared but not hated" as a ruler?

Being hated as a leader could result in the people overthrowing the leader; being feared reduces that possibility greatly

Describe the empire of Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon (lifestyle, size, etc.)

-height of empire

-military successes

-Ishtar Gate & The Hanging Gardens

What happened to Neo-Babylon after Nebuchadnezzar?

-Four rulers in a period of six years

-instability

What did Nabonidus do as king of Babylon?

Left Belshazzar (his son) to run the kingdom

How many Babylonian empires were there?

3; Old Babylon Empire (Amorite), Middle Babylon (Kassite), Neo-Babylon Empire

Which one was Hammurabi?

Old Babylon

Which one was Nebuchadnezzar?

Neo Babylon

What did the Lydian Empire contribute to Western Civilization?

coinage

Herodotus (father of history)

Who was Croesus?

King of Lydia

What is the saying in Western culture about him?

"Rich as Croesus"

How did the Medians consolidate power?

expansions through conquest and marriage