Chem

hypothesis

tentative explanation of an observation

theory

tested explanation that is supported by a significant body of evidence and has withstood rigorous scrutiny.

law

describes/predicts what happens, not why

atom

smallest unit retaining an element’s identity

diatomic elements

h, n, o, f, cl, br, i

deposition

gas to solid

sublimation

solid to gas

condensation

gas to liquid

tera (T)

10^12

giga (G)

10^9

mega (M)

10^6

kilo (k)

10³

deci (d)

10^-1

centi ( c)

10^-2

milli (m)

10^-3

micro (mew)

10^-6

nano (n)

10^-9

pico (p)

10^-12

law of conservation of mass

matter isnt created or destroyed

reactants = products

law of constant composition

a pure compound always has the same composition

law of multiple proportions

when the same two elements form multiple compounds, the relative quantites combining are small whole number multiples

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

all matter consists of atoms

rows

periods

columns

groups/families

discovered electron

JJ Thomson’s Cathode Ray Experiment

determined electron charge

Robert Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment

discovered nucleus

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

Cation: metals with one charge

“element ion” Ex. Lithium ion

Cation: metal with multiple ions

add roman numeral Ex. Iron (III) is Fe+3

Anion Naming

change element ending to -ide

Suffix for “more oxygen”

-ate (SO4)-3

Suffix for “less oxygen”

-ite (SO3)-3