Exam 2 Integument, Endocrine, Digestion

Dermis

Inner layer of skin

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Integument

Both the dermis and epidermis

Chromatiphores

pigmented cells

Who has Mucous gland/Function

Fish, amphibians. Found it Epidermis. Keeps amphibian skin moist for cutaneious respiration

Granular Glands, who has them?

Amphibians, used for poisoning

Scent Glands, who has them?

Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals. Used for communication and sex

Keratin in Fish

Found in thin epidermis NOT scales, very little

Keratin in Reptiles

found in scales in the epidermis

Keratin in Amphibians

very little, found in epidermis

Keratin in Birds

found in feathers

Keratin in Mammals

Found in hair

Dermal Plates

carapace and plastron of turtles

Ecdysis

Shedding of skin in reptiles

Molting

shedding of feathers in birds

Uropygial gland

gland located at the base of the tail that secretes oil for preening feathers

Structure of a Feather

barbs arise from the main feather shaft; each barb has its own shaft from which the barbules arise

Sweat glands

Both apocrine and eccrine

Sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles to keep them pliable

Mammary glands

Specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish the young

Eccrine

secrete water for cooling, mainly found in primates

Apocrine

This type of sweat gland is found mainly in the arm pits and groin area for sexual purposes

Guard hair

A visible layer of fur that grows over the underhair, and is longer and coarser.

Under hair

dense and soft for insulation

Vibrissae

whiskers, used for sensing environment in dark

Antlers

bony, branching growths on the head of a male deer, elk, or moose, shed yearly, and has velvet which is part of epidermal layer

Horns

Boney base, thick layer of keratin covers it , epidermal material, not shed continuously grows

Tusks

not paired, keratin

cryptic coloration

camouflage

Endocrine glands

glands that contain secreting glands that produce hormones

Hormones

complex chemicals, stimulate changes in other parts of body

Functions of endocrine

Regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction, behavior, color change, etc.

Hypothalamus

Acts as the body's master control system

releasing hormones

endocrine glands

Pituitary Gland sections

Anterior and posterior

Anterior Pituitary function

produces FSH, LH, TSH, GH, ACTH, and PRL

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

Luteinizing hormone: (LH

induces ovulation, estrogen and progesterone production, and testosterone production

Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)

causes thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

Growth Hormone (GH)

stimulate cells to grow and maintain body size once full size attained

Adrenocorticotrophic

Hormone (ACTH)

Causes adrenal cortex to produce hormones (molting & shedding)

Prolactin (PRL)

causes maturation of mammary glands and milk production

Posterior Pituitary function

Releases both oxytocin (release of milk can stimulate labor) and vasopressin (regulates water loss by Kidneys)

Oxytocin

hormone that causes uterine contractions and release of milk in mammals. Can stimulate labor

Vasopressin

Regulates (aka antidiuretic water loss by kidneys

Thyroid Function and location

located in the neck. Under control of TSH, controls growth, some metabolic rate regulation

Parathyroid location and function

Embedded within the thyroid controls calcium levels in blood

Adrenal Gland location and function

on kidneys, produces cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine, and norepineph

Islet Cells location and function

Found in pancreas and control blood sugar levels

Pineal Gland location and function

in the brain/produces melatonin for dinural regulation (for lizards responsible for daily and seasonal hypothermia

Ovaries

produce several female reproductive hormones: estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin

Testes location and function

Located in the scrotum/produces male reproductive hormones (androgens

External factors that influence Endocrine system

Temperature, light sexual displays

Internal factors that influence endocrine system

sugar levels and water balance

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

controls calcium levels in blood

cortex of adrenal gland

outer part that makes cortisol and aldosterone

medulla of adrenal gland

Inner part that makes hormones epinephrine

Insulin

controls glucose levels

Glucagon

on

opposite of insulin, controls glucose levels

Diabetes

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

melatonin

Negatively light sensitive, helps regulate finial rhythms

Progesterone

Controlling mammary gland maturation and maternal behavior

Estrogen

Reproductive tract development and sexual behavior

Relaxin

Prepares body for labor, cervix dilation

Androgens

male sex hormones

Digestive system function

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste

What does a tongue do?

manipulates food

What do salivary glands do?

Moistens food

What does the large intestine do?

absorbs water

Where does physical treatment in digestion occur?

mainly in mouth through mastication

Where does transportation occur in digestion?

esophagus

Heterodont dentition

Having different kinds of teeth, found in mammals

Incisors

teeth used for cutting: front

Canines

Teeth used for puncturing: between incisors and premolars

Molars & premolars

crushing and grinding found behind canines

Beaks

Shape determines function, found in birds and is used for breaking off bits of food

Kinetic jaws

jaw movement (think snakes)

Pharyngeal Region

throat

cilia

help in moving food down throat

peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Esophagus function

passage from mouth to stomach

Crop

stores food in birds, extension of esophagus

What type of muscle is most of the digestive system?

smooth muscle

Stomach function

begins the chemical digestion of food, very complex in structure

Chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

Stomach Mucus

protects stomach cells from the effects of acid

Secratory cells in the stomach

produce gastric acid

proventriculus

the first of the two chambers in the stomach of a bird

gizzard

grinds food, found in birds

rumen

largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that does fermentation

reticulum

continues working food to a workable pulp

omasum

the third compartment of the ruminant stomach

abomasum

true stomach in ruminants

cud

partly digested food that ruminants regurgitate to eat again

Esophageal

first part of stomach tube leading from the throat to the stomach

Cardiac

only found in mammals and secretes mucous

Fundic

produces pepsin, lipase and mucous

pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

lipase

breaks down lipids in stomach

Pyloric

"downstream" end of the stomach containing tubular glands as in the cardiac region