Water

Percent of earth covered in water

71

percent of earth’s water is freshwater

3

percent of earth’s water is frozen freshwater

2

percent of earth’s water that is saltwater

97

four examples of surface water

lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands

shallowest lake

lake erie

river covering half of usa

mississippi

ranch of this river going through ohio

ohio river

define watershed

area of land drained by a river

define aquifer

underground formation containing groundwater; contains groundwater, rock, sand, gravel

define water table

level underground where the rocks and soil are saturated with water

define porosity

amount of space between the particles that make up a rock

define Permeability

ability of a rock or soil to allow water to flow through

What will the most productive aquifers look like in terms of porosity and permeability?

High porosity and high permeability

Define a well and when can they dry up?

A hole dug or drilled to reach groundwater. Wells can dry up if there is a drought or when groundwater is removed faster than it is filled back up (recharged)

Most of the water used worldwide is used in

agriculture

What industries in particular use a lot of water?

Paper, computer chips, cars, to cool down machines

Define irrigation

Method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation

What type of irrigation is most commonly used in the US?

Overhead sprinklers

What is one solution to conserving water in the agricultural sector?

Drip irrigation systems

What is the difference between a dam and a reservoir?

Dam- structure built across a river to control the waters flow

Reservoir- an artificial lake formed behind the dam

Provide three negative effects of dams.

• Blocks migration of fish

• Reduces biodiversity of the river system below the dam

• Causes erosion of riverbanks downstream which negatively affects plants and animals

Pathogens

Bacteria, viruses, worms

organic matter

Feces, animal/plant remains

Organic chemicals

Pesticides, fertilizer, plastics, detergents, oil, gas

Inorganic chemicals

Salts, industrial chemicals

Heavy metals

Lead, mercury, arsenic

point source

pollution discharged from a single source

nonpoint source

comes from many different sources that are often difficult to identify

What percentage of polluted water is nonpoint-source pollution?

97

Provide three facts about thermal pollution

● When industries discharge warm water into a lake or river

● Can cause large fish kills

● If temperature rises even a few degrees, oxygen drops and organisms suffocate and die

Define artificial eutrophication.

When water contains an overabundance of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Causes excessive growth of green algae called algal blooms.

What causes artificial eutrophication.

Typically from fertilizer runoff and detergents

Does this lead to low or high dissolved oxygen?

low, this is bad

Define biomagnification.

Accumulation of pollutants as you go up the food chain

What are four causes of groundwater pollution?

Pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, leaking underground storage tanks (septic, gas stations)

Why is groundwater pollution so hard to clean up?

● Water is dispersed in a large area

● Groundwater recharges very slowly

● Pollution clings to rocks/soil underground

. How many times has the Cuyahoga River caught fire?

13

what two rare species are they investigating in relation to the Cuyahoga River?

Freshwater mussels and sturgeon

daniels park dam removal project

reduced sediment

gorge dam

revealed natural falls