full study

what was the earliest foundations of cognitive psychology linked to

rationalism

what did rationalists argue was important sources of knowledge

reason

logic

thinking

who looked at rationalism

rene descartes

what is the second thing that was linked to cognitive psychology

empiricism

Empiricism

there were more developments in a biological approach using observation and empirical methods to study the mind

Within empiricism knowledge also comes from

experience and sensory information

who looked at empiricism

john locke

who founded the first experimental labratory

wilhelm wundt

who looked at structuralism

Edward titchner

structuralism

This thought seeks to try and understand the structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their separate components

what came after structuralism

behaviroism

who looked at behaviorism

skinner and watson

what is behaviorism

link between a stimulus to a behavior to a consequence

cognitive psychology

we focus more on the mental processes of how and why things occur

what advancements have helped with cognitive psychology

brain imaging

what has brain imaging led to

localization of function

working memory

the capacity to hold information in your mind and manipulate it when necessary for a brief period while performing tasks

short term memory

the temporary storage of information without active processing and manipulation

what does working memory consists of

central executive

phonological loop

visuospatial sketchpad

episodic buffer

central executive

decides what information to process further into memory and how to process thta memory

phonological loop

holds the inner speech for verbal comprehension and acoustic rehearsal

what is an example of the phonological loop

sounding out a new word

visuospatial sketchpad

holds visual images for a brief period

what is an example of the visuospatial sketchpad

being able to alter an image in your mind

episodic buffer

the temporary system that combines information from different sources

can working memory be improved

yes

how can working memory be improved

practice and training

what did andrews find for working memory

it can be trained to improve someones ability to store and hold information

The training that is done is to improve the ability to not only maintain the information in the brain, but also do what

manipulate that information when you are trying to complete a task

can working memory be hindered

yes

what did almarzouki claim can hinder working memory

stress and anxiety

how can stress and anxiety hinder working memory

it can take up more space that is needed for working memory function at full capacity

what are things that can contribute to false memories

suggestion

misinformation

imagination

source monitoring errors

reconstructive memory processes

what did loftis and palmer do

looked at how the verbage of smashed vs hit caused people to believe that there was glass on the ground when there actually was never any

what are the three things that are needed to create a false memory

1) event must be plausible

2) the person must believe that the event could happen to them

3) the person must be encouraged to interpret their mental experience as a memory

what did Mazzoni look at

they tried to make someone create a false memory of either a Jewish sabbath or a catholic communion

long term memory

the permanent storage of information

what can long term memory be influenced by

attention

emotion

repetition

what are the types of long term memory

explicit

episodic

semantic

implicit

procedural

explicit memory

you are consciously remembering the information

episodic memory

used for remembering personal experiences and events

semantic memory

used for facts and general knowledge

implicit memory

works to help influence our behavior

procedural memory

helps us remember how to perform specific skills

magic tricks help to show how memories can be influenced by

attention

expectations

later information

visual search

A process of looking for a specific target among other things or distractors

what is something that is needed for visual search

selective attention

what is an example of visual search

wheres waldo

selective attention

allows us to focus on the information only relevant to what we are searching for

what is the second aspect of attention that is needed for visual search

spatial attention

spatial attention

helps us to place our attention on particular locations in the visual field

what is one example that can make visual search hard

if it does not stand out from the things around it

what does biggs suggest that can make visual search difficult

if the target is not easily available from one single feature

when is visual search the easiest

when the target pops out because of its distinctive features

change blindness

an inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that is being viewed

what is change blindness linked to

inattentional blindness

inattentional blindness

when you are not able to notice an unexpected stimuli that is already there because the attention was placed on something else

what is the difference between change and inattentional blindness

what we fail to notice

perception

the process that we select, organize, and interpret sensory information from the environment in order to create a representation of the world around us.

attention

when we select which information to concentration on while filtering out the other information that is going on around us

what was the model that Anne Treisman used to describe attention

attenuation model

what is the first thing that the attenuation model foes

the attended message and the unattended message go into the sensory store

what is the second thing that happens in the attenuation model

the attended and unattended message go into the attenuating filter

what is the third thing that happens in the attenuation model

both the attended and unattended message go through the hierarchy of analyzers to determine what information is more important for the situation

what is the fourth thing that happens in the attenuation model

both the attended and unattended message go to working memory, but the unattended message is turned down

what is the name of the model that broadbent looked at

the filter model

what is the first step in the filter model

both the attended and unattended message go into the sensory store what

what is the second step in the filter model

both the attended and unattended message will go through the sensory store, but only the attended message will go into higher level processing then into working memory

what are the external factors that can influence the amount of attention that is put on something

emotionally significant

unexpected

relevant

what did Witt and Profitt look at

the perception of a baseball