lect 18 pt 6

What does FSH stand for, and what does it do?

Follicle-stimulating hormone. Released by the anterior pituitary; acts on the ovaries and testes to help regulate gamete production and maturation.

What does LH stand for, and what does it do?

Luteinizing hormone. Released by the anterior pituitary; acts on the ovaries and testes to help regulate sex hormone production and gamete maturation.

What are FSH and LH collectively called?

Gonadotropins. They act on the gonads (ovaries and testes) to regulate sex hormone synthesis and gamete production and maturation.

What does ACTH stand for, and what does it do?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Released by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete corticosteroids.

What is prolactin, and what does it do?

Released by the anterior pituitary; acts on the mammary glands to stimulate milk production.

What does MSH stand for, and what does it do?

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Released by the anterior pituitary; stimulates epidermal melanocytes to produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.

What does TSH stand for, and what does it do?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone. Released by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone.

What does thyroid hormone do?

Regulates cellular metabolism and affects almost every cell in the body.

What is oxytocin, and where is it released from?

Produced by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

What does oxytocin do during labor and delivery?

Stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus, helping move labor and delivery forward.

What does oxytocin do during breastfeeding?

Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands in response to a baby's suckling.

What does oxytocin do in the male reproductive system?

Stimulates smooth muscle contractions in male reproductive organs during ejaculation.

What does GH stand for, and what is another name for it?

Growth hormone; also called somatotropin. Released by the anterior pituitary.

What does growth hormone stimulate the liver to release?

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which act on body tissues to stimulate growth.

What does ADH stand for, and what is another name for it?

Antidiuretic hormone; also called vasopressin. Produced by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

What stimulates the release of ADH?

A decrease in blood pressure or blood volume, or an increase in salts in the blood.

What does ADH do to the kidneys?

Tells the kidneys to retain more water by reabsorbing it, helping maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

What hormone do thyroid follicular cells release, and what does it do?

Thyroid hormone; regulates cellular metabolism throughout almost the entire body.

What hormone do thyroid parafollicular cells release, and what does it do?

Calcitonin; decreases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bones.

What hormone do the parathyroid glands release, and what does it do?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium levels by promoting the release of calcium from bone.

What hormones does the adrenal cortex release?

Corticosteroids, which help control inflammatory and stress responses and regulate ion and water balance.

What does cortisol do, and what type of corticosteroid is it?

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps regulate stress and inflammatory responses.

What does aldosterone do, and what type of corticosteroid is it?

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that helps regulate salt and water balance.

What do adrenal gonadocorticoids help produce?

Precursors used to make sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen.

What hormones does the adrenal medulla release?

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

What stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine?

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during a sympathetic response.

What effect do epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the heart?

They stimulate the heart to beat faster and more forcefully.

What hormone does the pancreas release when blood glucose is high?

Insulin.

What does insulin do?

Acts on the liver and other tissues to take glucose out of the bloodstream for immediate use or storage as glycogen.

What hormone does the pancreas release when blood glucose is too low?

Glucagon.

What does glucagon do?

Acts on the liver, causing stored glycogen to break down into glucose and be released into the bloodstream.

What hormone does the pineal gland release, and what does it regulate?

Melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms.

What sex steroids do the testes and ovaries release?

Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

What are the functions of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone discussed in the lecture?

They help regulate gamete production and maturation, including development and maturation of ovarian follicles.

What hormone does the skin produce, and what does it help regulate?

Vitamin D; it acts on the kidneys and is involved in calcium absorption in the gut.

What does the kidney release that helps calcium absorption in the gut?

The lecture identifies this as the active form of vitamin D, but the transcript's speech-to-text wording is unclear.

What hormone does the pancreas release in response to high blood glucose, and what type of feedback is this?

Insulin; negative feedback because glucose levels return toward normal and insulin release decreases.

What hormone does the pancreas release in response to low blood glucose, and what type of feedback is this?

Glucagon; negative feedback because glucose levels rise toward normal and glucagon release decreases.

Which two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin and ADH.

What do hypothalamic regulatory hormones do?

They act on the pituitary gland to regulate its hormone release.

Which hormone type includes estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone?

Steroid hormones. They are cholesterol-based, fat-soluble, and can diffuse through cell membranes to bind intracellular receptors.

Which hormone type consists of short amino acid chains?

Peptide hormones. They are water-soluble and bind to receptors on cell membranes, often using second messengers.

What type of hormone is thyroid hormone?

An amine hormone. The lecture describes it as having characteristics that can resemble peptide or steroid hormone action.