week 2- sociological tools

values

ideals, or principles and standards members of a culture hold in high regard

beliefs

which are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

ideal culture

the standards society would like to embrace and live up to

real culture

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

countercultures

groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns

cultural universals

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

culture

shared beliefs, values, and practices

culture lag

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it

diffusion

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

discoveries

things and ideas found from what already exists

ethnocentrism

the evaluation and judgment of another culture based on one’s own cultural norms

folkways

direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

formal norms

established, written rules often dictated by laws

globalization

the integration of international trade and finance markets

high culture

the cultural patterns of a society’s elite

ideal culture

the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

informal norms

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

innovations

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

language

a symbolic system of communication

mores

the moral views and principles of a group

norms

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

norms

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

popular culture

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population

sapir-whorf hypothesis

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

social control

a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

society

people who live in definable community and share a culture

subcultures

groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society

symbols

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

achieved status

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

ascribed status

the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race

habitualization

the idea that society is constructed by use and those before us and it is followed like a habit

institutionalization

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

looking-glass self

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

role performance

a situation when one of more of an individual’s roles clash

role conflict

a situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash

role strain

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

role-set

an array of roles attached to a particular status

roles

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status

self-fulfilling prophecy

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

Thomas theorem

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

deviance

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

formal sanctions

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

informal sanctions

sanctions that occur in face to face interactions

negative sanctions

punishments for violating norms

positive sanctions

rewards given for conforming to norms

sanctions

the means of enforcing rules

social control

the regulation and enforcement of norms

social order

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

conflict theory

a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

alternative movements

social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals

diagnostic framing

the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people

new social movement theory

a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

NGO

nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental causes

prognostic framing

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

reform movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

resistance movements

those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

resource mobilization theory

a theory that explains social movements’ success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals

social change

the change in a society created through social movements as well as through external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations

social movement

a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal