1.1.5. Nutrition in Pre-School Age

Young Infants

Under preschool-age milestones, which subgroup covers 0–6 months?

Older Infants

Under preschool-age milestones, which subgroup covers 6–12 months?

Younger Preschool Children

Under preschool-age milestones, which subgroup covers 12–36 months?

Older Preschool Children

Under preschool-age milestones, which subgroup covers 36–60 months?

Progressive Transition In Type Of Food

What does the preschool-age categorization correspond to in terms of feeding?

Weight

Physical growth during the preschool years is manifested by an increase in what body measurement related to body mass?

Height

Physical growth during the preschool years is manifested by an increase in what linear body measurement?

Head Circumference

Physical growth during the preschool years is manifested by an increase in what cranial measurement?

2 - 3 kg/year

During the steady but slower preschool growth period, how much weight may be gained yearly?

Muscle and Bone Mass

The average preschool weight gain of 5–6 lb/year is found mostly in what tissue component?

Loss of Body Fat

What general change in body fat characterizes preschool growth?

2 - 3 inches/year

About how much does height increase per year during the preschool period?

Shorter and Lighter

Compared with boys of the same preschool age, girls are generally slightly what in body size?

Legs and Trunk

During preschool age, growth is concentrated mainly in what body regions, producing a taller and more slender appearance?

Lower Center of Gravity

What change helps preschool children balance more easily?

Slows and Stabilizes

What happens to the rate of growth of body systems during the preschool period?

Boys

During preschool age, which sex generally develops relatively more muscle and bone?

Girls

During preschool age, which sex generally has relatively more body fat?

Cartilage

What type of tissue gradually changes into bone during preschool development?

20 Baby Teeth

About how many deciduous or baby teeth are present by approximately 2½–3 years of age?

Bladder

What organ increases in capacity during preschool age, allowing longer intervals between bathroom trips and better nighttime sleep?

Approximately what fraction of adult stomach capacity does a preschool child have?

½ adult stomach capacity

During which period after birth is brain growth especially rapid?

3 - 4 Years

Approximately what percentage of adult brain size is reached by 2 years of age?

75%

Approximately what percentage of adult brain size is reached by about 4 - 6 years of age?

90%

By about what age is hand preference generally established?

4 Years

Autonomy vs Shame

According to psychosocial development, what is the major conflict during the early preschool period involving independence?

Protein and Minerals

Compared with adults, preschool children generally need fewer calories but relatively greater amounts of what nutrients?

Struggle For Autonomy

A preschool child’s frequent desire to do things independently reflects what normal psychosocial characteristic?

Calm And Non-Rigid Guidance

What general parental attitude is recommended when preschool children are developing autonomy around food and self-care?

Failure To Thrive

What condition describes a child who fails to meet expected gains in weight and height and may show combined growth and developmental failure?

Congenital And Genetic Abnormalities

Dwarfism as a cause of failure to thrive belongs to what etiologic category?

Enzymatic Defects

Galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, and phenylketonuria as causes of failure to thrive belong to what category?

Endocrine Deficiencies

Thyroid and pituitary deficiencies causing failure to thrive belong to what category?

Infectious Diseases

Tuberculosis and repeated or frequent acute respiratory infections causing failure to thrive belong to what category?

Miscellaneous Problems

Mental retardation and epilepsy as causes of failure to thrive belong to what category?

Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes (PDRI)

What Philippine reference should be used to determine recommended nutrient intakes for preschool children?

Muscular Activity

The preschool child’s diet must provide fuel primarily for what major physical demand?

Worn-Out Tissues

In addition to energy, the preschool diet must provide nutrients for constructing body compounds and repairing what?

Food Rituals

What food behavior occurs when preschool children insist that foods be prepared, served, or placed in a particular way?

Erratic And Unpredictable

How are preschool children’s appetites commonly described?

5–7 Times A Day

How often do preschool children usually eat in one day?

Alert, Vigorous, And Happy

Which behavioral sign of good nutrition describes a preschool child who is awake, responsive, energetic, and cheerful?

Good Endurance

What activity-related sign of good nutrition reflects the child’s ability to sustain physical activity?

Sleeps Well

What sleep characteristic is considered a sign of good nutrition in preschool children?

Normal Weight And Height For Age

What growth-related finding is a sign of good nutrition in a preschool child?

Stands Erect

What postural sign is associated with good nutrition in preschool children?

Clear, Bright Eyes

What eye appearance is associated with good nutrition?

Smooth, Healthy Skin

What skin appearance is associated with good nutrition?

Lustrous Hair

What hair characteristic is associated with good nutrition?

Firm, Well-Developed Muscles

What muscular characteristic is associated with good nutrition?

Good Attention

What attention-related characteristic is associated with good nutrition in preschool children?

Color

During the transition to family foods, preschool children commonly react strongly to what sensory characteristic related to appearance?

Flavor

During the transition to family foods, preschool children commonly react strongly to what characteristic related to taste?

Texture

During the transition to family foods, preschool children commonly react strongly to what mouthfeel characteristic?

Temperature

During the transition to family foods, preschool children commonly react strongly to how hot or cold the food is. What factor is this?

Serving Size

During the transition to family foods, preschool children commonly react strongly to the amount or dimensions of food served. What factor is this?

Formation Of Good Food Habits

What major feeding goal should receive particular attention during the preschool period?

Small Stomach Capacity

Why may snacks be important for preschool children despite their controversial role?

High Nutrient Needs

Why can three regular meals alone be insufficient for some preschool children?

Reduced Meal Intake

What may happen when highly satiating snacks are eaten too close to mealtime?

Expanded Garantisadong Pambata (EGP)

Which local nutrition program for preschoolers provides a comprehensive and integrated package of health, nutrition, and environmental care services for children?

Expanded Garantisadong Pambata (EGP)

Which program coordinates government, non-government, private-sector, and civic-group efforts to provide continuous support and education on child health and nutrition?

Expanded Garantisadong Pambata (EGP)

Which preschool nutrition program aims to reduce malnutrition and preventable diseases by making health and nutrition services accessible to children?

Integrated Management Of Childhood Illness (IMCI)

Which childhood health strategy reduces child mortality and morbidity by addressing the overall health of the child rather than individual diseases?

Integrated Management Of Childhood Illness (IMCI)

Which childhood illness-management strategy targets children aged 2 months to 5 years using a systematic approach to illness?

Triage System

What system does IMCI use to classify the severity of a child's illness and determine the appropriate course of action?

Pink

In the IMCI triage system, which color indicates urgent hospital referral or admission for immediate care?

Yellow

In the IMCI triage system, which color indicates specific outpatient treatment with management at the community level?

Green

In the IMCI triage system, which color indicates supportive home care, home-based remedies, and continued monitoring?

Micronutrient Supplementation

Which nutrition intervention provides pharmaceutically prepared vitamins and minerals to prevent or address specific micronutrient deficiencies in children?

Food Fortification

Which micronutrient strategy involves adding essential micronutrients to widely consumed food products?

Improving Diet And Dietary Diversification

Which strategy improves children's nutritional status by promoting a diverse and balanced diet through education, food production, and appropriate food-consumption practices?

Growth Monitoring and Promotion (GMP)

Which educational strategy uses sequential measurements of a child's physical growth and development to detect nutritional problems early?

Growth Monitoring and Promotion (GMP)

Which strategy allows health workers and caregivers to regularly track a child's growth so corrective measures can be taken when nutritional problems are detected?

Measles Elimination Campaign

Which public-health initiative is specifically aimed at eradicating measles among children?

Ligtas Tigdas

What is the other name of the Measles Elimination Campaign?

Mass Immunization

Which measles-control strategy involves vaccinating large numbers of children to achieve high vaccination coverage?

Public Awareness Campaigns

Which component of the measles-elimination strategy increases community knowledge and understanding about measles prevention?

Community-Based Monitoring

Which measles-elimination strategy helps ensure that children in the community receive the measles vaccine and allows continued observation of program coverage?

Ligtas Tigdas

Which campaign has contributed to reducing the incidence of measles through sustained vaccination, public education, and community engagement?

Basal Metabolism And Activity

What is the primary reason preschool children require energy?

Relatively Higher

Compared with adults, how are a child’s protein requirements relative to body weight?

Protein

Which nutrient supports skeletal and muscle tissue growth and protection against infection?

Vitamin A

Which vitamin maintains visual purple for vision in dim light?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin promotes normal calcification of bones?

Vitamin K

Which vitamin is necessary for prothrombin and proconvertin synthesis for blood coagulation?

Vitamin C

Which vitamin is involved in collagen formation and tooth development?

Energy Intake

Requirements for thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin are related primarily to what?

60%

Approximately what percentage of a preschool child’s body weight is water?

1000 - 1500 mL Per Day

What is the approximate daily water requirement of a healthy preschool child?

Anemia

Which nutritional problem is more common among children in lower socioeconomic groups?

Iron

Deficiency of which mineral is an important cause of anemia in preschool children?

Diarrhea

What condition is defined as passing three or more loose or watery stools in one day?

Dysentery

What is diarrhea containing blood called?

Dehydration

What major complication can result from excessive fluid loss during diarrhea?

Obesity

What preschool nutritional problem may be reinforced by early introduction of solid foods and using food as a reward?

Constipation

Difficulty emptying the bowel due to poor gastrointestinal muscle contraction or inadequate fluid describes what condition?

Lactase Deficiency

Which enzyme deficiency prevents normal hydrolysis of lactose?

Large Intestine

In lactose intolerance, poorly absorbed lactose passes into which part of the gastrointestinal tract?