Unit 2: Rise of the Thirteen Colonies and Colonial Interactions

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the founding, religious development, labor systems, major conflicts, and comparative colonial models of the early American colonies.

What early English settlement is illustrated here as a triangular wooden palisade fort built along a river?

Jamestown (Virginia)

What is a joint-stock company, and what is one prominent example mentioned in the notes?

A joint-stock company is a group of investors who finance a colony. An example given is the Dutch East India Company.

What are the definitions of the three types of English colonies: Royal, Corporate, and Proprietary?

A Royal Colony is controlled directly by the king; a Corporate Colony is run for profit by joint-stock companies; and a Proprietary Colony is granted to individuals or groups by the king.

What were the terms and conditions of labor for indentured servants in early colonial America?

Indentured servants engaged in bonded labor (short-term slavery) where men, women, and children signed contracts to serve a master for $4\text{ to }7$ years in exchange for passage to North America, food, clothing, and shelter until their debt was paid off.

Between 1609 and 1622, how many settlers were sent to Jamestown, and how many died?

$3,600$ settlers were sent to Jamestown, and $3,000$ of them died.

What conditions characterized the 'Starving Time' in Jamestown during the winter of 1609–1610?

Colonists struggled to grow food because they were unwilling or lacked the knowledge to work, resulting in severe famine, disease, cannibalism, and the death of approximately $85\%$ of the colonists from starvation or freezing.

How did John Rolfe contribute to the economic survival of Jamestown?

He introduced the cultivation of tobacco as a cash crop to sell to Europe, creating significant wealth for large planters.

Who was Pocahontas according to the lecture notes?

Her real name was Matoaka ('Pocahontas' was a nickname). She was the daughter of the Powhatan chief, reportedly saved John Smith from execution, was kidnapped and taken to England where she was taught English and assaulted, married John Rolfe, and died of illness on a return trip to Virginia.

What was the significance of the House of Burgesses established in 1619?

It was the first popularly-elected legislative assembly in America, meeting in Jamestown in 1619.

Why did King Henry VIII establish the Anglican Church (Church of England) in 1534?

The Catholic Church denied his request to divorce his wife, prompting him to establish the Anglican Church with the English monarch as its head.

How did Separatists (Pilgrims) differ from Congregationalists (Puritans) in their stance toward the Anglican Church?

Separatists believed the Anglican Church could not be saved and chose to separate entirely (fleeing to Holland in 1608 before sailing on the Mayflower in 1620). Puritans wanted to remain within the church to 'purify' it of Roman Catholic elements and establish a model godly society.

What were the key religious beliefs followed by the Puritans in Massachusetts?

Following the teachings of John Calvin, Puritans believed in original sin, predestination, moral living through hard work and abstinence, and that good behavior served as a sign that a person was chosen by God to be saved.

What was the Mayflower Compact and who was excluded from it?

It was a written agreement signed by the passengers of the Mayflower to work together to establish a functioning colony, serving as the first signed American governing document; women were excluded from the contract.

Who was Tisquantum (Squanto) and how did he assist the Plymouth settlers?

An English-speaking Indigenous American who had previously been kidnapped, enslaved, and sent to Europe before returning; he taught the Plymouth colonists to hunt, fish, and grow crops, and helped broker peace between the Puritans and the Pokanoket Indians.

What did John Winthrop mean by establishing Massachusetts Bay Colony as a 'city upon a hill'?

He intended the colony to serve as a beacon and shining religious model to demonstrate how the Anglican Church and a godly civil society should properly function.

How is a favorable balance of trade defined under mercantilism?

A favorable balance of trade requires export value (amount sold) to exceed import value (amount purchased), calculated as: $\text{Balance of Trade} = \text{Export value} - \text{Import value}$.

What rules did the Navigation Acts of 1650–1673 impose on colonial trade?

Trade with the colonies could only be conducted on English ships operated by English crews; foreign imports had to pass through England to be taxed; and 'enumerated' goods (such as tobacco, rice, indigo, and sugar) could only be exported directly to England.

What was the outcome of the Mystic Massacre during the Pequot War in May 1637?

English colonists and their Narragansett allies surrounded and burned a Pequot fort near the Mystic River, killing men, women, and children attempting to surrender; only $5$ out of $400$ Pequot survived.

What was the outcome of King Philip's War (1675–1678) for the colonists and for Metacomet?

Approximately $10\%$ of male colonists were killed in the deadliest conflict in colonial American history. Metacomet was killed by an Indigenous ally of the English, and his body was hanged, drawn, quartered, and beheaded, with his head displayed on a pole at Plymouth.

What caused Bacon's Rebellion (1676–1677) and who comprised Nathaniel Bacon's army?

Angry that Virginia's government refused to help frontier settlers fight Indigenous tribes and favored the rich planter elite, Nathaniel Bacon gathered an army of poor Whites, indentured servants, and enslaved Africans to issue a 'declaration of the people' and burn Jamestown.

What major legal changes were enacted by the 1705 Virginia Slave Codes?

Black enslaved people were declared property, denied the right to vote, go to trial, or own weapons, and subjected to hereditary slavery. Race became the sole qualification for slavery, while protections for indentured servants increased to phase out indentured labor.

What occurred during the Stono Rebellion of September 9, 1739?

Twenty enslaved Black Carolinians raided Hutcheson's weapons store, stole firearms and powder, killed clerks, and marched toward St. Augustine calling for liberty; the revolt resulted in the deaths of $20$ White Carolinians and approximately $40$ Black rebels.

What core themes defined the Great Awakening during the 1730s and 1740s, and who was its key minister?

It was a religious revival movement countering Enlightenment rationalism by emphasizing direct religious experiences, repentance, and emotional connection to God; minister Jonathan Edwards delivered the famous sermon 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'.

What were the defining religious practices of the Quakers (Society of Friends), founded in 1652?

Quakers believed all people were equal, rejected pastors and clergy, believed everyone could experience God's guidance directly, and refused to swear religious oaths.

What was William Penn's 'Holy Experiment' in Pennsylvania?

Penn sought to create a colony where Quaker principles were practiced by founding Philadelphia, creating equal laws and fair government, welcoming people of all religious faiths without punishment, and maintaining peaceful land negotiations with Native Americans.

What were 'Praying Towns' and what was their dual impact on Native Americans?

Towns established by Puritan missionaries like John Eliot (e.g., Natick) to convert Native Americans to Christianity and assimilate them into European culture; while offering some legal protections, they stripped Indigenous people of their culture and pressured them to adopt English ways.

Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay, and what colony did he establish?

He argued that individual conscience was beyond the control of civil and religious authorities; after banishment, he founded Providence in 1636 (Rhode Island in 1644), recognized Native American land rights, and granted full religious freedom to Catholics, Quakers, and Jews.

What theological doctrine led to Anne Hutchinson's trial and banishment from Massachusetts Bay?

She advocated a 'covenant of grace' (salvation based purely on God's love and grace through faith) over the dominant 'covenant of works' (obedience to church rules and moral deeds), earning her the label of an antinomian before her excommunication.

How did the governance and political rights in French colonies compare to those in English colonies?

English colonists established local representative assemblies and self-taxation due to distance and a frugal Parliament. In contrast, French colonies were fully subject to the French king with no political rights, no representative government, and bans on public meetings without permission.

How did colonial population growth by 1754 compare between the English and French colonies?

The English colonies grew rapidly to $1.5\text{ million}$ settlers by 1754 due to liberal immigration policies, whereas New France grew slowly, totaling just under $40,000$ in Canada by 1734 and approximately $10,000$ in Louisiana by 1763.