Communication theory./ Non verbal communication./ Oral presentation.

Information

Set of encodeable, storable and recoverable data.

Communication

Act of relationship and exchange that allows an intentional transmission of information between sender and receiver.

Statistical Theory of Communication - Authors

Shannon and Weaver.

Statistical Theory of Communication - Year of publication

1949.

Statistical Theory of Communication - Core purpose

Technical theory whose purpose is to encode the message and eliminate noise in order to transmit the maximum amount of information that a channel supports.

Statistical Theory of Communication - Theoretical importance

Basis of all theories about human communication despite being a very simplified vision of the communicative process.

Statistical Theory of Communication - Formula

H = \sum \Pi_1 \log_2 \Pi_1

Sender (Shannon-Weaver Model)

Transforms the message into a suitable signal for being transmitted by the channel that is going to be used.

Message (Shannon-Weaver Model)

Information fixed and transmitted.

Code (Shannon-Weaver Model)

System formed by a set of signals (lexicon) and a combination of rules (syntax) allowing coding and decoding operations, which must be shared by interlocutors.

Channel (Shannon-Weaver Model)

Physical support used to send the signal from the sender to the receiver.

Signal (Shannon-Weaver Model)

Message encoded form capable of using a channel.

Receiver (Shannon-Weaver Model)

Captures and decodes the signal by restoring the message.

Receiver vs Recipient - Key distinction

The receiver is an involuntary receiver and the recipient is the true receiver to whom the message is addressed.

Noise (Shannon-Weaver Model)

Any interference in message transmission or that hinders the reception.

Noise threshold nullifying interpretability

When noise reaches 50% of the signal strength, it completely nullifies its interpretability.

Bidirectionality in Communication

Exchange of communicative functions between sender and receiver.

One-way vs Two-way communication - Speed

One way communication is faster.

One-way vs Two-way communication - Accuracy

Two way communication is more accurate.

Sender comfort in communication modes

Senders feel more comfortable in two way communication mode.

Sender vulnerability in bidirectionality

Sender feels attacked by audience.

Disadvantages of bidirectionality

Bidirectionality is noisy and slow.

Professional environment rule on directionality

In a professional environment, both one-way and two-way communication must be combined.

Feedback

An act that, when transferred to the center that controls the information, produces an effect that implies the modification of the act or conduct.

Metacommunication

Referential framework that allows participants in the communication process to interpret, deduce and understand the message received.

Non material elements of communication

Pragmatic information, intentionality, social relationship, and culture.

Pragmatic information

Set of beliefs, values, feelings and knowledge.

Three types of pragmatic information

General, situational, and contextual.

Intentionality

All conscious human action tends to modify its environment, which must be perceived by the recipient and evaluated with pragmatic criteria.

Social relationship factors in communication

Age, cultural or socioeconomic level, degree of familiarity or trust, and hierarchical distance between interlocutors.

Culture in communication theory

Shared cognitive frameworks.

Pragmatics

Study of the relationships between context and text in communicative realizations.

Conversational Contract - Author

Fraser.

Conversational Contract (Fraser) - Definition

Socio-cultural code composed of several rules governing the speed of information exchange.

Two categories of rules in Fraser's Conversational Contract

Production rules and Attention rules.

Principle of Cooperation - Author

Paul Grice.

Principle of Cooperation (Grice) - Foundation

Interlocutors collaborate in elaborating information, moved by a purpose that leads them to engage in communication.

Grice's Maxim of Quantity

Saying only what is necessary (neither more nor less).

Grice's Maxim of Quality

Not saying what is false or what cannot be proved.

Grice's Maxim of Relevance

Saying only relevant things.

Grice's Maxim of Style (Manner)

Be clear, precise, brief and orderly.

Three criteria for classifying communication

According to the interlocutors, according to the channel and code used, and according to the purpose.

Human communication types by interlocutors

Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social communication.

Intrapersonal communication

Communication where the interlocutor and recipient are the same person.

Interpersonal communication

Communication between two or more people that is bidirectional and relational.

Social communication

Communication to multiple recipients thanks to mass media.

Subdivisions of social communication

Institutional or corporate communication, business communication, and mass communication.

Institutional or corporate communication

Communication establishing corporate identity and signage.

Subdivisions of business communication

Internal, external, and intermediate business communication.

Mass communication media types

Press, cinema, TV, radio, and publicity.

Communication types by channel and code used

Oral, written, audiovisual, and electronics.

Communication types by purpose

To inform, to incite, to persuade, and to entertain.

Communication to inform

Communication aimed at transmitting objective facts and knowledge.

Communication to incite

Communication designed to provoke an immediate action or behavioral response.

Communication to persuade

Communication aimed at modifying beliefs, attitudes, or convictions.

Communication to entertain

Communication intended to provide recreation, amusement, and enjoyment.

Non-verbal communication - Core characteristics

Affective and unconscious.

Seven dimensions of non-verbal communication

Kinetic, tactesic, proxemic, paralinguistics, physical characteristics of the interlocutor, artifacts, and environmental factors.

Fields of application of non-verbal communication

Profession, oral presentation, and interview.

Non-verbal communication in interview data collection

Helps to detect contradictions in data collection.

Non-verbal communication in interview content

Helps to focus into the interview content.

Non-verbal communication and empathy

Helps when using empathy.

Non-verbal communication and ambiguity

Helps to remove ambiguities.

Kinetic non-verbal communication

Studies the communicative value of body movement.

Five elements of kinetic communication

Body posture, facial expression, look, smile, and gestures.

Corporal posture elements

Body postures, orientation, and body movement.

Six basic facial expression emotions

Joy, sadness, disgust, anger, fear, and interest.

Three elements of look in kinetics

Pupils dilatation, flickers frequency, and eye contact.

Communicative value of a smile

Confidence and closeness.

Five categories of gestures

Emblematic gestures (emblems), illustrative gestures, pathographs, regulators, and adaptation gestures (adapters).

Emblematic gestures (Emblems)

Gestures that replace words and can be translated directly into words.

Illustrative gestures (Illustrators)

Gestures that illustrate and emphasize what is being said.

Pathographs

Gestures that express emotional states and reflect people's emotional state.

Regulators

Gestures that control and regulate interaction.

Adaptation gestures (Adapters)

Gestures used to manage or control emotions that we do not want to express, showing up in unpleasant situations.

Behavioral rule for adaptation gestures (Adapters)

It is necessary to avoid them.

Tactesic non-verbal communication

Studies body contact: what is touched, how often, what intensity, or purpose.

Four parameters of tactesic communication

What is touched, how often, intensity, and purpose.

Paralinguistics

Studies the way that words are said.

Paralinguistic elements

Voice volume, intensity, statements speed of emission, tone, intonation variants, duration of syllables, crying, laughter, rhythm, fluidity, control of breathing, and articulatory organs.

Proxemics

Studies distances, proximity, or space between people while they are interacting.

Components of personal space

Proximity and physical contact.

Factors that alter human territorial behavior

Culture and mood.

Four proxemic distance zones

Intimate, personal, social, and public.

Sub-modes present in every proxemic distance

A close mode and a far mode.

Intimate distance - Metric range

Between 15 and 45 cm.

Personal distance - Metric range

Between 46 and 120 cm.

Social distance - Metric range

Between 120 and 360 cm.

Public distance - Metric range

Greater than 360 cm.

Intimate distance - Characteristic interaction

Hand to hand contact.

Personal distance - Characteristic interaction

Personal bubble and familiarity.

Social distance - Characteristic interaction

Impersonal relationships and hierarchical coefficient.

Public distance - Characteristic interaction

Hierarchical coefficient, physical object, and few or no interaction.

Physical characteristics in non-verbal communication

Color, smell, and attractiveness.

Artifacts in non-verbal communication

Personal objects and ornaments.

Environmental factors in communication

Physical characteristics of the communication setting.

Three primary phases of an oral presentation

Introduction, development, and conclusion.

Introduction phase - Primary functions

First picture and creating interest.

Development phase - Primary functions

Ordered ideas and giving arguments and data.

Conclusion phase - Primary functions

Make them to remember and summarizing and closing presentation.