aromatics

halogenation

lewis acid catalyst (FeCl₃)

reactants: Cl₂ with AlCl₃ or FeCl₃ (or other halogen, usually Br) (AlCl₃/Cl₂)

product: Cl attached to a carbon on Benzene ring

friedel crafts alkylation

bringing in alkyl group

lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3)

reagents: alkyl halide R-Cl and (lewis acid) AlCl3

products: part with Cl is attached to benzene ring

by-products: HCl or HBr

friedel crafts acylation

bringing in acyl group

reagents: acyl group (RCOCl) (R-C=O) and lewis acid (fecl3)

products: acyl group/keytone is attached to benzene ring

by-products: HCl or HBr

benzene

c6h6

nitration

reagents: HNO3 and H2SO4

products: nitro group NO2 is attached to the benzene ring

by products: H2O

sulfonation

reagents: SO3 and H2SO4

products: SO3H is atteched to benzene ring

by products: H2O