Bio exam review

Domain

The largest group in the classification system, including Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Kingdom

The next level of classification after Domain, such as Animals and Plants.

Phylum

Groups within kingdoms, for example, Chordates which include humans.

Taxonomy

The science of naming and classifying organisms.

Phylogeny

The study of how species are related over time based on common ancestors.

Genus

A group of closely related species.

Species

A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Prokaryotes

Simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus, such as bacteria.

Eukaryotes

More complex cells with a nucleus and organelles, such as plants and animals.

Viruses

Tiny infectious particles that require a host to survive and do not have cells.

Genetic Variation

Differences in genes within a population that help organisms adapt to challenges.

Biodiversity

The variety of life, crucial for ecosystem balance.

Natural Selection

The process where organisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Adaptation

Changes in an organism that help it survive in its environment.

Speciation

The process of creating new species from existing ones due to environmental or behavioral differences.

Mitosis

Cell division that produces two identical cells.

Meiosis

Cell division that produces sex cells, reducing chromosome number by half.

Gene

A section of DNA that controls a specific trait.

Allele

Different versions of a gene.

Phenotype

The physical expression of a trait.

Karyotype

A photo of an individual's chromosomes used to diagnose genetic disorders.

Respiration

The chemical process inside cells that converts oxygen into energy.

Enzymes

Proteins that help break down food during digestion.

Extinction

A state where a species no longer exists.

Mimicry

When one species resembles another to avoid predation.

Mutation

Changes in DNA that can lead to new traits.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A formula used to calculate allele frequencies in a stable population.