Caffeine

europe and psyhoactives

very few stimulants and depressants found in europe, there was alcohol however

caffeine plant species

coffee - coffea, tea - camellia , mate - ilex, guarana - paullinia, cola - cola

what are the two active compounds found in caffinated beverages

alkaloid caffeine and theobromine

alkaloid Caffeine

mild diuretic and stimulant properties, trimethylxanthine alkaloid

Theobromine

dimethylxanthine alkaloid, found in chocolate and cola, chemically similar to caffeine, both diuretic and stimulant but a stronger diuretic

What drug was caffeine an alternative to

Ritalin also called methylphenidate

What did ritalin treat

hyperactivity in children

How was caffeine similar to ritalin

both stimulate dopamine in the brain helping increase focus and alertness, which is the same as how ritalin works, caffein was cheaper and had less side effects

What is believed about caffeine and ADHD

Everyone in slightly ADHD, it is seen more in kids than adults because adults drink coffee stimulating their dopamine receptors causing more focus whereas children do not drink coffee and it therefore does not have this effect on them

Coffee plant nativity

Ethiopian highlands

What part of the coffee plant is used

fruit, seeds extracted and dried and roasted

What is the mostly widely distributed caffeinated beverage

Coffee

Who introduced coffee to europe

Italy or venetian merchants

Where is the tea shrub native to

southeast Asia

What is the tea plant used for

beverage plant

Who introduced tea into europe

Portuguese sailors

What part of the tea plant is used

leaves, hand harvested tea leaves are the most expensive and causes less damage to the plant and leaves which is important for flavour

Green tea

Common in china and japan, steam, dried or shedded leaves that are fresh picked

Black tea

common in india, europe, and north america, fresh picked leaves, slow dried starting enzymatic processes, then oxidizes tannins and phenols under cool damp conditions, then kiln fired to produce the dark color

Where is yerba mate native to

sub tropical south america

what part of the yerba mate plants are used

leaves

Where are the plantations found

argentina, brazil

How are yerba mate leaves prepared

dried and then ground, them mixed with hot water and drank through a special straw, very common practice

Where is guayusa native to

amazon forest of peru and ecuador

Guayusa caffeine content

highest known content, 3.4% to 7.9%, almost double to coffee and tea

which peoples commonly used guayusa

achuar jivro people

Side effects of drinking guayusa

severe headaches, bloodshot eyes, hallucinations, symptoms alleviated by vomiting about 45 minutes after drinking

where is the cacao plant native to

tropical south america

what part the of cacao tree

beans or seeds used to make chocolate,

What is special about the cacao beans

inside the flower, which is pod like in shape, the beans or seeds are located encased in white pulp that is sweet

process of harvesting cacao beans

open and harvest pods to take out every seed from the pod, creating anaerobic environment for fermentation to occur, bacteria and yeast drive this reaction over a couple of days (need warmth). The chemical changes give chocolate the delicious flavour and color

how is chocolate made

the dried and roasted beans forms a coco liquor that can be pressed into, coco powder or coco butter, add more coco butter and emulsifiers to prevent congealing, milk, sugar, and flavour

Does chocolate contain caffeine

it contains theobromine, stimulant and diuretic

What is the active principle in chocolate

cannabinoid neurotransmitter anandamide

Effects of anandamide

stimulates appetite, effects mood, perception of time, promotes the release of dopamine

History of chocolate

residues of cacao or theobromine in the amazon region of ecuador, domesticated form started in ecuador and then spread to other parts of the world. Mayan people were the first people to have been found to be actually eating chocolate. Aztecs also consumed a beverage that they used as an aphrodisiac that contained chocolate, and in spain it modified the aztec drink and changed it to add sugar, a spice and cinnamon, heating it to be served warm and have a better texture

Chocolate houses

in europe, where they worked on and perfected the maintenance and distribution of chocolate

where is cola native to

tropical africa, has theobromine in it

what is cola flavouring

extracted from the seeds, used in syrups to create cola drinks

medicinal use of cola seeds

tropical africa used it as a stimulant, relieve hunger, treating ailments, used in spiritual and divination ceremonies

How was cola beans eaten historically

chewed the beans, bitter at first until salivary enzymes breakdown compounds in the seed making it sweeter as you chew it

where is guarana native to

south america

what paprt of hte plant is used

the seeds, very high in caffeine

who used it

satere-mawe natives of bravil

How was guarana used

used to produce a drink that has now become the national drink of brazil, demand for it globally now and simulant, caffeinated drink