Humanities: Humanism, Exploration, and Reformation

Humanism

The belief in the ability of humans to understand, create, and achieve.

Protestant Reformation

A movement for religious reform of the Roman Catholic Church

(“protest” “reform”)

Martin Luther

German priest who questions the church’s practices

95 Theses ( what are they and who wrote them)

A list of 95 things the church is doing wrong, written by Martin Luther.

Two things the church was doing that Martin Luther did not like

Indulgences, Interpretation of the bible

Peace of Augsburg

A meeting in which the princes agreed that the religion of each German state was to be decided by it’s ruler.

Henry Vlll

An important Reformation king who needed a son as an heir.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

A new rule set implemented into the Catholic Church in an attempt to halt the spread of Protestantism. These rules included no more indulgences, a more accessible bible, and school for clergy (seminary).

Indulgences

A way to “secure your spot in heaven” by paying the church.

The School of Athens

An important painting from the renaissance that portrays Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers engaged in philosophical inquiry.

Renaissance

French word for rebirth, a new period of the world that valued art and human creation.

Arawak people

The indigenous race that Columbus encountered on his journey.

Mary 1

Henry’s first daughter, she was Catholic and brings England back into the Catholic church.

Elizabeth 1

Henry’s second daughter, Protestant, makes England Protestant again.

Printing Press

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, reformation spread much quicker because of it.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors driven by the three G’s God, gold, and glory

Aztec

Large empire famous for Tenochtitlan, most of the civilization was low in elevation and close to the water, conquered by Cortez.

God, glory, and gold

The mindset and ambition that drove conquistadors like Pizarro and Cortes.

Inca

Large empire famous for Machu Picchu, mountain based empire very high up, conquered by Pizzaro.

Cortez/Cortes

Spanish conquistador that conquered the Aztec Empire and Tenochtitlan with the use of superior technology, disease, and the help of Mexica enemies.

Pizarro

Spanish conquistador that conquered the Inca civilization with the use of guns, horses, and disease.

Tlaxcalans

Aztec enemies that helped Cortez.

Disease

Disease was a large part of the decline and collapse of the Inca and Aztec empires.

Columbus

Famous European explorer often credited for “discovering” the new world.

Tenochtitlan

Famous Aztec city built almost entirely on the water, thrived before eventually being conquered by Hernan Cortes.

Montezuma

Aztec leader, either killed by the Aztec or the Spanish, truth is unclear.

Atahualpa

Inca leader, killed by garroting(strangulation), converted to Christianity to avoid being burned to death but was still killed after being held captive by the Spanish