Merrills WB ch 2

anatomy

the science of the structure of the body

Physiology

study of the function of the body organs

osteology

The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body

describe anatomic position

standing erect with feet together

-eyes directed forward

-arms at the sides with the palms forward

-heels together

4 fundamental planes of the body

Sagittal

Coronal

Horizontal

Oblique

Any plane passing vertically through the body from front to back and dividing the body into left and right segments is called a(n) __________________ plane.

sagittal

Any plane passing vertically through the body from side to side and dividing the body into anterior and posterior segments is called a(n) __________ plane.

coronal

Which plane passes vertically through the midline of the body from side to side and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior segments?

midcoronal

midaxillary

Which plane passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves?

midsagittal plane

which two terms are used to denote a plane that passes crosswise through the body and divides the body into superior and inferior segments?

axial

transverse

two major cavities of the torso

thoracic and abdominal

what body cavity is the liver found in?

abdominal

what body cavity are the lungs found in?

thoracic

what body cavity is the heart found in?

thoracic

what body cavity is the uterus found in?

pelvic (abdominal)

what body cavity is the spleen found in?

abdominal

what body cavity is the rectum found in?

pelvic

what body cavity are the ureters found in?

abdominalpelvic

What body cavity is the trachea found in?

thoracic

What body cavity is the ovaries found in?

pelvic

abdominal

What body cavity is the esophagus found in?

thoracic

4 quadrants of the body

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

9 regions of the abdomen

right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium, right lateral, umbilical, left lateral, right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal

what external landmark is C1 at?

Mastoid tip

what external landmark is C3 C4 at?

hyoid bone

what external landmark is C5 at?

thyroid cartilage

what external landmark is C7 T1 at?

vertebra prominens

What external landmark is at T2-T3?

Level of jugular notch

what external landmark is at T4, T5

Level of sternal angle

what external landmark is at T7

Level of inferior angles of scapulae

what external landmark is at T9, T10?

xiphoid process

What external landmark is at L2, L3

Inferior costal margin

What external landmark is at L4, L5

level of superior most aspect of iliac crests

what external landmark is at S1, S2

level of anterior superior iliac spines

what external landmark is at the coccyx

Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

how many bones does the adult body contain?

206

Two main skeletal divisions

axial and appendicular

4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton

pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle, upper extremities, lower extremities

4 main parts of axial skeleton

neck, skull, thorax, vertebral column

compact bone

outer layer of bony tissue

spongy bone

inner trabeculated portion of the bone

medullary cavity

central cylindric canal of long bones

Periosteum

Tough, fibrous membrane that covers the bone (except where bone is covered by articular cartilage)

5 classifications by shape of bones

flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid

what type of bone is the tibia?

long bone

what type of bone is the lunate?

short

what type of bone is the radius?

long

what type of bone is the patella?

sesamoid

what type of bone is the scapula?

flat

what type of bone is the maxilla?

irregular

what type of bone is the vertebrae?

irregular

long bone defintion

consists of long cylindric shaft body and two enlarged round ends

Short bone definition

consists of spongy tissue and have only a thin outer of compact bone

Flat bone definition

compact bone in two places that enclose a layer of spongy tissue

irregular bone definition

complex peculiar shapes

sesamoid bone definition

small oval bones that develop in and near tendons and function to protect tendons from excessive wear

two classifications of joints

functional and structural

what is the more widely used joint classification?

structural classification

3 structural classifications of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

synovial joints have what kind of movement?

freely movable

fibrous joints have what kind of movement?

None. (sutures)

cartilaginous joints have what kind of movement?

limited or slight movement

functional classification and structural classification of the knee

diarthroses

synovial

functional classification and structural classification of the cranial sutures

synarthroses

fibrous

functional classification and structural classification of the pubic symphysis

asphiarthroses

cartilagenous

articular capsule

fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint

Synchondrosis

joint in which two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

synovial fluid

Lubricant and nutrient compound found within synovial joints

Symphysis

joining together of two midline bones in the body by a plate of fibrocartilage

bursae

fluid containing sacs that are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction

Meniscus

fibrocartilaginous disk pad located between the ends of bones in some synovial joints

head of a bone

expanded end of a long bone

horn of a bone

horn-like process on a bone

crest of a bone

ridge-like process

facet of a bone

A small, smooth surfaced process for articulation

spine of a bone

sharp process

styloid of a bone

long pointed process

tubercle of a bone

small rounded elevated process

condyle of a bone

rounded process at an articular extremity

hamulus of a bone

hook-shaped process

coracoid of a bone

beak like process

malleolus of a bone

club shaped process

trochanter of a bone

large rounded elevated process located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur

bone depressions

fossa

sinus

sulcus

groove

fissure

foramen

fossa

pit, fovea, or hollow space

sinus

recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space

sulcus

furrow, trench, or fissure-like depression

groove

Shallow, linear depression

fissure

cleft or groove

Foramen

hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves

meatus

Tubelike passageway

notch

indentation into border of a bone

line

less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation

deep

parts far from the surface

distal

farthest from the point of attachment, reference, origin, beginning

lateral

away from the median plane

away from the middle of a part to the right or left

dorsal

back part of the body or organ

medial

toward the median plane

or middle of body part

central

middle area or main part of an organ

ventral

forward or front part of the body or organ