Functional Groups BIO 5A

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Last updated 5:16 PM on 10/2/26
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6 Terms

1
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<p>Hydroxyl Group</p>

Hydroxyl Group

Polar, not acid, not base. Forms hydrogen bonds with water; increases the solubility of organic compounds.

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<p>Carbonyl Group</p>

Carbonyl Group

Polar, not acid, not base. Features unevenly shared electrons due to oxygen's high electronegativity; found in sugars (aldehydes and ketones).

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<p>Carboxyl Group</p>

Carboxyl Group

Polar, acts as an acid, not a base. Oxygen steals electrons via double bonds; can donate H^+ ions, increasing hydrogen ion concentration and becoming negatively charged.

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<p>Methyl Group</p>

Methyl Group

Nonpolar, not acid, not base. Made of carbon and hydrogen; hydrophobic, decreases solubility in water, and affects gene expression and hormone shape.

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<p>Phosphate Group</p>

Phosphate Group

Polar, acts as an acid, not a base. Negatively charged; releases H^+ ions, increases hydrogen ion concentration, and is vital in energy transfer (ATP) and nucleic acids.

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<p>Amino Group</p>

Amino Group

Polar, acts as a base, not an acid. Accepts H^+ ions, decreasing hydrogen ion concentration and becoming positively charged (1+ charge); found in all amino acids.