506 Block 2

macronutrients

Protein, fats, and carbohydrates

micronutrients

▪Vitamins and minerals that support the healthy functioning of every system, such as iron and Vitamin A

Obesity

▪Chronic condition that may start from childhood and correlates with other measures of adversity

▪Linked to depression

▪Increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer

at what age does picky eating peak

age 3

An estimated ____ to ____ percent of children are allergic to a specific food

6 to 8

▪A child’s brain weighs _____ percent of its adult weight.

75

▪By age 6, the brain reaches ____ percent of adult weight.

90

myelenation

•Myelin coats the axons that speed signals between neurons.

▪Corpus callosum

▪Long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them

Lateralization

▪Specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity

perseverate

repeating a phrase

_____ percent of young children die of accidents rather than of cancer, the leading deadly disease

25

Primary prevention

▪Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse

Secondary prevention

▪More targeted, averting harm in high-risk situations or for vulnerable individuals

Tertiary prevention

Actions, such as immediate medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event and aimed at reducing harm

▪Symptoms of lead poisoning

▪Intellectual developmental disorder, hyperactivity, and even death if the level reached 70 micrograms per deciliter of blood

battered child syndrome

▪Children with prior bone breaks, burn patterns that suggested force, scars resulting from past pain, and implausible explanations

▪Child maltreatment

▪Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age

▪Child abuse

▪Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

▪Child neglect

▪Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

▪Reported maltreatment

▪Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities

▪Substantiated maltreatment

▪Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified

▪Signs of maltreatment

▪Delayed development, such as slow growth, immature communication, lack of curiosity, or unusual social interactions

Long-Term Solutions of abuse

▪Permanency planning

▪Foster care

▪Kinship care

▪Adoption barriers

▪Reluctance to release children for adoption by judges and biological parents

▪Preference for newborns

▪Screening out of families not headed by heterosexual couples

Memory

▪Stores what happened a short while ago, known as working memory

Inhibition

Controls impulses to stop and think for a moment before acting or talking

Flexibility

Seeing things from a different perspective rather than being stuck on one idea

▪Theory of mind (ToM)

▪Involves a person’s theory of what other people might be thinking

▪Varies by culture and context

▪Is slow to develop but typically begins in most children at about age 4

A maturing _______ ________ makes all children better liars

prefrontal cortex

▪What strengthens the theory of mind in young children?

▪Context and culture

▪Maturity of the prefrontal cortex

▪Games that require turn-taking

▪Preoperational intelligence

▪Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6

▪Includes language and imagination but suggests logical, operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage

▪Symbolic thought

▪Major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence

▪Allows a child to think symbolically, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen, such as letters and numbers

Animism

▪Belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive, move around, and have sensations and abilities that are humanlike

Centration

▪Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others; illustrates egocentrism

Egocentrism

▪Piaget’s term for young children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective

▪Focus on appearance

▪Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent

▪Static reasoning

▪Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes

Irreversibility

▪Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone

Conservation

Principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

includes the ideas and skills that children are close to acquiring but cannot yet demonstrate independently

Scaffolding - provided by mentors

▪Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities

▪Aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

Overimitation

▪Tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned

Common among 2- to
6-year-olds,

Private speech

▪is evident when young children talk aloud to review, decide, and explain events to themselves.

▪A form of scaffolding that aids cognition and self-reflection

Social mediation

Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another

▪The average child knows about ____ words at age 2 and more than ______ at age 6.

500 ; 10,000

Fast-mapping

▪Speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words

▪By tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning

Overregularization

▪Application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur

Pragmatics

▪Practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context

▪Head Start program

▪Federally funded early-childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age

Montessori Schools

▪Schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori

▪Emphasize careful work and tasks that each young child can do to achieve a sense of accomplishment

Language Shift

▪Occurs when children become more fluent in the school language than in their home language

Emotion regulation

Ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

Effortful control

▪Ability to regulate one’s emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination

Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis

▪Initiative versus guilt

Intrinsic motivation

▪Drive, or reason to pursue a goal

Comes from inside a person

Extrinsic motivation

▪Drive, or reason to pursue a goal

Arises from the need to have achievements rewarded from outside

Sociodramatic play

▪Playing pretend

Explore and rehearse social rules.

Explain their ideas and persuade playmates

Free Play

▪Provides the building blocks of internal motivation and autonomy

Authoritarian parenting

▪High behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication from child to parent

Permissive parenting

▪High nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control

Authoritative parenting

Parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.

Neglectful/uninvolved parenting

Parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives.

▪Psychological control

▪Disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents

▪Time-out

▪Disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specified time

▪prosocial behavior.

Empathy and thoughts about right and wrong

Instrumental aggression

▪Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has Reactive aggression

Reactive aggression

▪Impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental hurtful action

Relational aggression

▪Nonphysical acts aimed at harming social connections

Bullying aggression

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack

Phallic stage

▪Freud’s third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

Gender identity emerges for most by age ________

3

▪Gender schema

▪A child’s cognitive concept or general belief about male and female differences

▪Social learning theory

Children notice the way their parents are nurturing, powerful, and yet similar to themselves and internalize those standards

Gender nonconforming

People who display many gender-atypical behaviors.

Psychoanalytic

▪Freud’s phallic stage: Children become more aware of their genitals and learn gendered roles by imitating their same sex parent.

▪Sociocultural theory

▪Every society has constructed complex gender norms around sex differences.

▪Evolutionary theory

▪Survival, reproduction, and nurturing care are biologically important, laying the foundation for our social constructions of gender.

Childhood obesity

▪having a BMI above the 95th percentile for children of a given age

Overweight criteria for children

BMI Above 85th percentile

More than _____% of US children in middle childhood are obese

20%

▪Factors that correlate with childhood obesity

▪Preterm birth, formula feeding, screens in bedrooms, replacing water with soda or juice, sleep irregularities, lack of outdoor play, processed foods, etc.

Asthma signs and symptoms

▪Wheezing

▪Shortness of breath

▪Chest tightness

▪Coughing

Asthma causes

▪Genetic alleles

▪Indoor and outdoor pollutants

▪Hygiene hypothesis

Selective attention

▪Focusing on one stimulus instead of another

Reaction time

Time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eyeblink) or cognitively (with a thought)

Aptitude

▪Potential to perfect a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

original IQ formula

(Mental age/Chronological age) × 100

g (General Intelligence)

▪Assumes that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities

Convergent thinking

Logical and linear problem solving, typically involving one right answer

Divergent thinking

Creative brainstorming that searches for many possible solutions

neurodiversity

Each individual brain functions in a particular way

▪Developmental psychopathology

▪Studies the link between typical and atypical development and how each period of development brings strengths and vulnerabilities, risk and resilience

Multifinality

: One cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations

Equifinality

One symptom can have many causes.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

▪Condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors

symptoms of ADHD must appear before age ____

12

prevalence of ADHD

3 to 5 %

contexual interventions for ADHD

▪Educating caregivers and schools

▪Consistent routines

▪More outdoor play

▪Less screen time

_____________ is the most misdiagnosed condition in the US

ADHD